Lecture 7

Question 1

parents pass on to their offspring – later known as genes that are responsible for inherited traits

Answer 1

discrete heritable factors

Question 2

Mendel’s first law of inheritance explains

Answer 2

3:1 F2 phenotype ratio

Question 3

threadlike structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that become visible when cell begins to divide

Answer 3

chromosome

Question 4

entire genetic info for flies are on –

Answer 4

4 pairs of chromosomes

Question 5

Thomas Morgan 1908

Answer 5

eye color gene in Drosophila on the X chromosome

Question 6

1860s: Mendel presents studies on – in peas

Answer 6

heredity

Question 7

1869: Miescher isolated large substance in nucleus of white cells in pus from surgical bandages

Answer 7

slightly acidic, sugar, and rich in phosphorous; called it “nuclein”

Question 8

genetic materials are in chromosomes, which are in –

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

chromosomes contain a variety of – in addition to DNA

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

– made using killed microorganisms which could be injected into patients to elicit the immune response of live cells without the risk of disease

Answer 10

vaccines

Question 11

1928: Griffith stumbled on a demonstration of the transmission of genetic instructions by a process we now call the

Answer 11

“transformation principle”

Question 12

1929: Levene determined the chemical composition and structure of the

Answer 12

DNA building blocks

Question 13

Avery’s lab discovered how to transform R strain into S strain –

Answer 13

in vitro

Question 14

Avery’s two conclusions

Answer 14

1) molecules that can carry heritable info are in S strain

2) molecule that carries the heritable info is DNA

Question 15

When extracts of heat killed S strain + R stain were treated with DNase –>

Answer 15

no cells transformed to infective form

Question 16

1944: Avery, Macleod, and McCarty concluded that DNA was the

Answer 16

“S substance” but there were still doubters

Question 17

people finally accepted that DNA is the genetic material after whose experiment

Answer 17

1952: Hershey and Chase

Question 18

How can the info to specify an organism be carried in chemical form?

Answer 18

DNA is a linear polymer of 4 different monomers, strung out in a defined sequence like the letters of a document written in an alphabetic script

Question 19

How can DNA be duplicated and copied from generation to generation?

Answer 19

each strand of the double helix can serve as a template

Question 20

– are the building blocks of DNA

Answer 20

nucleotides

Question 21

to maximize the efficiency of base-pair packing, the 2 sugar-phosphate backbones wind around each other to form a right handed double helix, with one complete turn every –

Answer 21

10 base pairs

Question 22

DNA is negatively charged because of

Answer 22

phosphate

Question 23

DNA strands are complementary and run in – direction

Answer 23

antiparallel

Question 24

the chain of nucleotides in a DNA strand, being both – and –, can be read as letters on a page

Answer 24

directional and linear

Question 25

most stable form of DNA

Answer 25

double helix

Question 26

purines (A, G) have -- rings

Answer 26

2 rings

Question 27

pyrimidine --, --, --, have 1 ring each

Answer 27

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 28

base pairing between -- and --

Answer 28

purines and pyrimidines

Question 29

2 H bonds between

Answer 29

A and T

Question 30

3 H bonds between

Answer 30

C and G

Question 31

each base pair is of similar width and thus hold the -- at a constant distance apart along the DNA molecule

Answer 31

sugar-phosphate backbones

Question 32

the -- and -- of the bases allow hydrogen bonds to form efficiently only between A and T and between C and G

Answer 32

shapes and chemical structures

Question 33

bases can only pair if the two polynucleotide chains that contain them are -- to each other

Answer 33

antiparallel

Question 34

the coiling of the two DNA strands around each other creates two -- in the double helix

Answer 34

grooves

Question 35

5' end usually shown carrying the

Answer 35

phosphate group

Question 36

Chargaff's Rule

Answer 36

% A = %T %G = % C purines = pyrimidines

Question 37

usually, only the -- strand is presented in the 5' to 3' direction

Answer 37

top

Question 38

only one strand can serve as a template for one particular gene during --

Answer 38

transcription

Question 39

for transcription, usually given -- which has the exact sequence of mRNA (except for U)

Answer 39

non-template strand

Question 40

DNA is often measured in

Answer 40

bp or kb

Question 41

1 bp (base pair) = -- Daltons

Answer 41

660

Question 42

only -- code for proteins

Answer 42

exons

Question 43

exons are -- % of DNA

Answer 43

1.5%

Question 44

Franklin and Wilkins showed that DNA is helical from --

Answer 44

x-ray diffraction

Question 45

Franklin's data showed

Answer 45

1) backbone on the outside 2) provided insight that allowed Watson and Crick to determine that the strands were antiparallel 3) provided the best evidence of the helical nature of DNA

Question 46

each turn of DNA is about

Answer 46

10.5 base pairs

Question 47

bases of DNA are stabilized by

Answer 47

hydrogen bonds

Question 48

the double helix is stabilized by

Answer 48

base pairing and base stacking

Question 49

the -- groove is rich in chemical information

Answer 49

major

Question 50

minor groove has same arrangement of

Answer 50

hydrogen acceptors and donors

Question 51

major groove provides --

Answer 51

specificity

Question 52

DNA has many --

Answer 52

forms

Question 53

most common form of DNA (and was discovered by Watson and Crick)

Answer 53

B DNA

Question 54

double helix goes to the -- depending on environment

Answer 54

lowest energy state

Question 55

protein alpha helices have h bonds that are -- to the axis of the helix

Answer 55

parallel

Question 56

proteins are rigid, --, and --

Answer 56

short, and connected by turns

Question 57

double-stranded DNA helix have H bonds that are -- to the axis

Answer 57

perpendicular

Question 58

DNA can be -- by protein

Answer 58

bent

Question 59

DNA can be -- around proteins to fit in nucleus

Answer 59

tightly packed

Question 60

DNA bases point

Answer 60

IN

Question 61

Protein R groups point

Answer 61

OUT

Question 62

protein turns =

Answer 62

3.6 amino acids

Question 63

DNA backbone

Answer 63

phosphodiester bond

Question 64

protein backbone

Answer 64

peptide bond