Lecture 1- CNS development and brain divisions

Question 1

when does the formation of the nervous system occur

Answer 1

during the embryonic stage (end of 2nd week to end of 8th week)

Question 2

what are the stages (in order) of neural tube development

Answer 2

neural plate–> neural folds –> neural tube

Question 3

what type of tissue is covering the embryo

Answer 3

simple cuboidal epithelium (ectoderm)

Question 4

what type of transition occurs in the epithelium during the formation of the neural plate

Answer 4

simple cuboidal epithelium along dorsum of embryo becomes simple columnar epithelium (neural plate)

Question 5

what fuses together to form the neural tube

Answer 5

opposing edges of neural folds fuse along the anterior-posterior axis

Question 6

when is the superior/anterior/cranial neuropore closed by

Answer 6

day 27

Question 7

when is the inferior/posterior/caudal neuropore closed by

Answer 7

day 30

Question 8

what are the 3 parts of the tripartite brain

Answer 8

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 9

what are the 5 parts of the pentapartite brain

Answer 9

telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 10

define anencephaly

Answer 10

failure of cranial end of neural tube to close and is incompatible with life

Question 11

define holoprosencephaly

Answer 11

failure of prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemisphere

Question 12

what facial deformities are often associated with holoprosencephaly

Answer 12

single orbit with 2 eyes, 1 eye or no eye
proboscis-type nose located above eye
cleft lip and palate

Question 13

describe spina bifida occulta

Answer 13

results from failure of the inferior neuropore to close
vertebral arches fail to develop in caudal area
spinal cord function is usually normal

Question 14

describe spinal bifida cystica

Answer 14

characterized by sac-like cyst at the caudal end of spine
spinal cord and/or meninges may be found in cyst
spinal cord function, bladder and bowl function may be impaired
may be lower extremity dysfunction

Question 15

describe meningocele spina bifida cystica

Answer 15

only meninges found in sac
spinal cord function may be impaired
signs and symptoms vary depending on location and severity of malformation

Question 16

describe meningomyelocele spina bifida cystica

Answer 16

both meninges and spinal cord are found in sac
always results in abnormal growth of spinal cord
lower extremity paralysis
bowel and bladder dysfunction
loss of sensation of lower limbs

Question 17

describe myeloschisis spina bifida cystica

Answer 17

failure of caudal neural folds to close

most severe of the defects

Question 18

describe arnold-chiari deformity

Answer 18

inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal
medulla and pons are deformed and small
hydrocephalus
malformation of lower cranial nerves (deafness, tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness)

Question 19

what does the lumina of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 19

lateral ventricles (1 and 2)

Question 20

what does the floor of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 20

basal nuclei (ganglia)
olfactory lobes and nerves

Question 21

what does the roof of the telecephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 21

cerebral hemispheres

Question 22

what does the lumen of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 22

third ventricle

Question 23

what does the roof of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 23

epithalamus

Question 24

what does the walls of the diencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 24

thalamus

Question 25

what does the floorof the diencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 25

hypothalamus and infundibulum

Question 26

what does the lumen of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 26

cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius)

Question 27

what does the roof=tectum of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 27

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 28

what does the floor of the mesencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 28

tegmentum

Question 29

what does the lumen of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 29

part of 4th ventricle

Question 30

what does the roof of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 30

cerebellum

Question 31

what does the floor of the metencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 31

pons

Question 32

what does the lumen of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 32

rest of 4th ventricle

Question 33

what does the main part of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 33

medulla oblongata

Question 34

what does the roof of the myelencephalon primordia give rise to

Answer 34

posterior choroid plexus

Question 35

what nuclei are located in the medulla (myelecephalon)

Answer 35

vestibular nuclear complex sensory nuclei portions of reticular formation

Question 36

what is the reticular formation associated with

Answer 36

state of arousal

Question 37

what do the pyramids of the medulla consist of

Answer 37

lateral corticospinal tracts

Question 38

what are olives of the medulla

Answer 38

site of nuclei related to cerebellum

Question 39

what vital reflex centers are located in the medulla

Answer 39

cardiac center vasomotor center centers related to respiration

Question 40

what nuclei and centers are located in pons

Answer 40

nuclei: cranial nerve nuclei V-VIII, pontine nuclei centers: sleep center and respiratory centers

Question 41

what do pontine nuclei do

Answer 41

relay between cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 42

what nuclei are in the mesencephalon

Answer 42

cranial nerve nuclei III-IV

Question 43

what comes from the roof (tectum) of the mesencephalon

Answer 43

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 44

what reflexes are associated with superior colliculi

Answer 44

visual reflexes

Question 45

what reflexes are associated with inferior colliculi

Answer 45

auditory and olfactory reflexes

Question 46

what is associated with the tegmentum of the mesencephalon

Answer 46

red nucleus substantia nigra various tracts

Question 47

how is the cerebellum connected to other parts of the brain

Answer 47

via large pairs of fibers tracts called peduncles

Question 48

what do inferior peduncles connect

Answer 48

connect to medulla and spinal cord

Question 49

what do middle peduncles connect to

Answer 49

pons

Question 50

what do superior peduncles connect to

Answer 50

midbrain

Question 51

what are the functions of the cerebellum

Answer 51

coordinate skeletal muscle movements maintain equilibrium and posture synergic control of muscle activity

Question 52

what gives rise to the thalamus and what is the role of the thalamus

Answer 52

diencephalon | role: major relay center for afferent and efferent info to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brian

Question 53

what gives rise to the epithalamus and what is its role

Answer 53

diencephalon gives rise to it habenular nuclei located here are involved in emotional and visceral responses to oder and the pineal body is located here

Question 54

what are the maxillary bodies of the hypothalamus involved in

Answer 54

olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

Question 55

what nuclei are located in the hypothalamus

Answer 55

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 56

what are the function sod the hypothalamus

Answer 56

controls and integrates ANS associated with many kinds of visceral activity intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems controls normal body temperature maintains extracellular fluid volume biorhythm oscillator

Question 57

what are the basal nuclei (ganglia) that arises from the telencephalon involved in

Answer 57

subconscious motor control and muscle tone