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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 1- Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception?

A

Human experiencing our environment which is the senses (needed for navigate the world and understand)

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2
Q

What is cognition?

A

Humans understanding their environment which is the thoughts

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3
Q

What is machinery?

A

Focus on cognitive psychology

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4
Q

What is cognitive science?

A

A group of disciplines that focus on understanding the human mind
Data mining: how sensory information processing being effortless

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5
Q

What is perception and cognition?

A

Collecting and interpreting information about the world

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6
Q

What is the outside world?

A

Physical state

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7
Q

What is the inside world?

A

The mental state

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8
Q

What is sensory and processing system?

A

Channel to collect information

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9
Q

What is the information processing chain?

A

Distributed networks where behaviour and thinking is based on

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10
Q

What is the chain for information processing?

A

Perception–>attention–>memory–>action/thinking (bottom up processing)

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11
Q

What is central scientific approach?

A

Where there is acquisition, processing, storage and recall of data in the human rain

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12
Q

What is the historical development of metaphors?

A

Building of a machine to understand underlying process such as cogwheel brain and Descartes

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13
Q

What is the concerns for perception and cognition?

A

Perception and cognition is difficult as we aren’t looking at the brain in action
Perception and cognition is not a real part of psychology but fundamental to other disciplines of psychology

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14
Q

What is the brain responsible for?

A

Distinctive operation as the division of processing is in small functional units

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15
Q

What is functional architecture?

A

The organisation and structure of the cognitive processes in the brain. The brain regions and neurones interact and support the cog functions

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16
Q

What is functional architecture characterised by?

A

Hierarchical organization with lower-level sensory and motor regions feeding information to higher-level association areas
Dynamic interactions between brain networks that vary depending on task demands, context, and individual differences

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17
Q

What has allowed insight into functional architecture?

A

Advances in fMRIs, EEGS allowing researchers to map brain activity patterns associated with different cognitive tasks and states

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18
Q

How is the functional architecture of the brain adaptable?

A

As there is neuroplasticity which allows the brain to learn new skills, recover from injury, and compensate for deficits

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19
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to rewire neural circuits and establish new connections in response to changes in behavior or environment

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20
Q

What did Magnus find?

A

Speculated the functional role of 3 ventricles such as common senses, creative rational thought and memory

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21
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience help us understand?

A

The processes of mental events such as interacting with the world, how we store information, how we communicate, how we organise social life, how we maintain mental health

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22
Q

Why do we study perception and cognition?

A

Scientific curiosity to understand the mind, applications in implementing knowledge in thinking machines, basis to understanding pathology and managing impairment such as sensory deficits in strokes and Alzheimer’s

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23
Q

What is the theories of the brain?

A

Cortex grew due to duplication of neurones and genetic mutations

24
Q

What is the dominant theory?

A

Cortex evolved due to the shifts in cell migration in development

25
Q

What is the neural network theory?

A

Cognitive processes arise from the interconnected activity of many neuron in the brain.

26
Q

What is predictive coding?

A

The brain generates predictions about sensory input based on prior knowledge and expectations through top down information processing

27
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Constructs mental maps from information from the senses

28
Q

How do we collect information?

A

Perceptual bottleneck and perceptual filter

29
Q

What is a perceptual bottleneck?

A

Refers to a limitation in the processing capacity of the perceptual system causin a bottleneck in the flow of information during perception

30
Q

How do perceptual bottlenecks occur?

A

the need for selective attention as the perpetual system prioritises certain stimuli

31
Q

What can influence perceptual bottlenecks?

A

The complexity of the stimulus as complex stimuli requires more processing
High demand of the task and if they require multiple stimuli

32
Q

What can perceptual bottlenecks cause?

A

Errors in perceptions and slower reaction times

33
Q

What is perceptual filter?

A

The brain selectively attends to certain stimuli while filtering out others and stimuli that is relevant

34
Q

What does the effectiveness of perceptual filter depend on?

A

Personality traits, cognitive abilities, and attentional control

35
Q

What variables do the 5 senses have?

A

Temp, pain, ultrasound

36
Q

What is sensory substitution?

A

Replacement of missing senses with another senses to transfer across sensory modalities

37
Q

What are the theories of perception?

A

Gestalt psychology, direct perception, constructivist approach and information processing approach

38
Q

What does Gestalt psychology focus on?

A

The principles of perceptual organisation

39
Q

What is Pragnanz?

A

When people are presented with complex shapes or a set of ambiguous elements, their brains choose to interpret them in the easiest manner possible.

40
Q

What is direct perception

A

Emphasis on bottom up processing, exploits richness of information, content in sensory data, direct use for behavioural control with need of high level representation

41
Q

What is flowfield in direct perception?

A

Unambiguous information about spatial layout

42
Q

What is object affordance in direct perception?

A

Immediate perception of the action possibilities or opportunities for interaction that an object offers to an observer in the behavioural context

43
Q

What is resonance in direct perception?

A

Processes to extract information

44
Q

What does constructivist approach focus on?

A

Emphasises top down processes to resolve ambiguities in the mind and tries to make the best sense of limited noisy data

45
Q

What perception occur in the constructivist approach?

A

An active construction of perception

46
Q

What comparison occurs in the constructivist approach?

A

The iterative comparison of sensory input with internal knowledge

47
Q

What is information processing approach?

A

Neuroscientific and computational approach to perception

48
Q

What do receptors do in information processing approach?

A

Transform stimuli to neural signals

49
Q

What do receptive fields do in information processing approach?

A

Localisation and tuning

50
Q

What do filters do in information processing approach?

A

Encoding of information efficiently

51
Q

What do representation do in information processing approach?

A

Cortical processing and mapping

52
Q

What do illusions do in information processing approach?

A

Inherent misrepresent of the physical world

53
Q

What do active sensing do in information processing approach?

A

The process by which organisms actively control their sensory input to gather information from the environment more efficiently.

54
Q

What does active sensing involve?

A

Dynamic interaction between the organism and its environment

55
Q

What does active sensing allow?

A

To gather information more efficiently by directing sensory input to regions of interest

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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