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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 10- Memory disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 10- Memory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two causes of amnesia?

A

Organic and psychogenic

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2
Q

What is organic cause of amnesia?

A

Acute damage to the brain and degenerative disease

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3
Q

What is psychogenic cause of amnesia?

A

Psychological

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4
Q

What are the forms of amnesia?

A

Retrograde and anterograde

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5
Q

What are the main features of the amnesic syndrome?

A

Pronounced anterograde amnesia (inability to encode and retrieve memories for events after)
Variable retrograde amnesia (inability to retrieve memories acquired before)
Intact STM
Preserved genetic intelligence
Skills are uneffected
Some residual learning capacity

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6
Q

What parts of the brain are important for memory?

A

Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe

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7
Q

What is the amygdala implicated in?

A

Emotional content for episodic memories

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8
Q

What is the basal ganglia implicated in?

A

Important for learning motor skills

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9
Q

What is the cerebellum implicated in?

A

Memory for automatised skills

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10
Q

What is the frontal lobe implicated in?

A

Working memory (central executive), source monitoring and prospective memory

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11
Q

What is the occipital lobe implicated in?

A

Visul perspectiv representation memory

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12
Q

What happened to HM?

A

Bilateral removal of the medial temporal lobe and 2/3 of the hippocampus
Personality is unchanged and IQ is up
Unable to encode and retrieve new episodic memories and developed severe anterograde amnesia

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13
Q

What was normal with HM?

A

STM and learning of new procedural memories

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14
Q

Who looked at HM?

A

Squire

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15
Q

What did Squire find?

A

HM’s impairment was severe as the bilateral damage included parahippocampal and was not restricted to the hippocampus
HM had deficits in declarative memory

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16
Q

Who looked at the brain structures in amnesia?

A

Squire

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17
Q

What did Squire find?

A

Anterior hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus are concerned with the retention of current experience
Medial temporal- formation of new memories

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18
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Caused by a thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism. Damage to the diencephalon. Patients appear drunk, uncoordinated and confused

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19
Q

What is amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

STM is normal
Encoding and retrieval of new episodic LTM is impaired
Retrograde amnesia stretches back years
Temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia

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20
Q

What is viral encephalitis caused by?

A

Herpes virus crossing blood-brain barrier

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of viral encephalitis?

A

Onset of acute fever, headache and nausea

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22
Q

What damage can viral encephalitis have?

A

Extensive bilateral temporal lobe damage

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23
Q

What is the amnesia in viral encephalitis?

A

Similar to Korsakoff
Deficits of spatial and semantic memory
Flatter temporal gradient

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24
Q

How common is amnesia in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

62%

25
Q

How common is amnesia in vascular?

A

17%

26
Q

What are the characteristics of amnesia due to dementia?

A

Progressive neural disease
General degeneration of the brain (atrophy due to the growth of neural plaque and tangles)

27
Q

Who looked at amnesia due to dementia?

A

Morris and Kopelman

28
Q

What did Morris and Kopelman find?

A

Patterns of impairments involve information processing deficits superimposed upon an amnesic syndrome

29
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia

30
Q

What are the characteristics of transient global amnesia?

A

No loss of personal identity
Anxiety
Agitated
Repetitive questioning
Rare
Recognising family members

31
Q

Who does transient global amnesia effect the most?

A

Over 50s and more often men

32
Q

What are the triggers of transient global amnesia?

A

Emotional upset and vigorious exercise

33
Q

What evidence does amnesia provide with STM and LTM?

A

Dissociation between STM and LTM and the explicit and implicit

34
Q

What memory does amnesia usually effect?

A

Episodic and semantic

35
Q

What does amnesia not effect?

A

Normal priming effects
Motor skills
Learning of procedural skills

36
Q

What are the theories of anterograde amnesia?

A

Faulty encoding
Accelerating forgetting
Faulty retrieval
Faulty encoding and storage of contextual information

37
Q

Who looked at amnesia and encoding?

A

Cermak

38
Q

What did Cermak find?

A

Amnesic deficits are due to a lack of deep encoding

39
Q

Who looked at accelerating forgetting?

A

Huppert and Piercy

40
Q

What did Huppert and Piercy find?

A

Patients with hippocampal lesions forget faster than controls even after material has been adequately learned

41
Q

Who looked at retrieval deficits?

A

Kritchevsky

42
Q

What did Kritchevsky find?

A

Transient amnesia shows tat retrieval deficits can cause amnesia and once amnesia resolves memories that were unavailable can be retrieved normally

43
Q

Who looked at why retrieval deficit occur?

A

Warrington and Weiskrantz

44
Q

What did Warrington and Weiskrantz find?

A

Retrieval deficit is due to response competition. Partial information helps overcome competition

45
Q

Is recognition or recall impaired in retrieval deficits?

A

Recall

46
Q

What does contextual information allow?

A

Distinguishing between similar memories

47
Q

Who did the test of the contextual deficit theory ?

A

Huppert and Piercy

48
Q

What did Huppert and Piercy do?

A

Two groups: amnesic (Korsakoff patients) and the control
Presented a set of pictures on day 1 and a set of pictures of day 2
Some were presented on both days
Recognition test after the day 2 pictures
Both groups asked to do 2 tasks: asked if they have ever seem recognition and then day 2 recognition if the pictures had been seen only on day 2

49
Q

What are the problems of the contextual deficit theory?

A

Semantic memories can be impaired
Definition of context is vague
Context processing deficit s vary substantially across patient groups (Squire)

50
Q

What is Ribot’s law of retrograde amnesia?

A

Recent memories are more likely to be lost

51
Q

What is temporal gradient due to?

A

Slow scale consolidation processes as earlier memories have had longer to be consolidated

52
Q

Who did the standard consolidation theory?

A

Dudai

53
Q

What is the standard consolidation theory?

A

Episodic memories are initially encoded and stored in the hippocampus and retrieval of the memories require reactivating of the hippocampus
Overtime the hippocampal memory trace becomes less important and the cortex can retrieve the memory without the hippocampus
Older memories are spared in retrograde amnesia

54
Q

What are the types of psychogenic amnesia?

A

Fugue states and dissociative amnesia

55
Q

What are the fugue state triggers?

A

Severe stress, depressed mood, history of transient organic amnesia (Kihlstrom and Schacter)

56
Q

How long does psychogenic amnesia last?

A

A few hours or days

57
Q

What happens after recovery from fugue states?

A

All the memories are lost

58
Q

What does dissociative types of psychogenic amnesia?

A

Refers to loss of memory for specific events due to trauma with no anterograde amnesia

59
Q

What is amnesic syndrome associated with (Baddeley)?

A

Amnesic syndrome is associated with damage to the temporal lobe, hippocampus or mamillary bodies

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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