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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 8- Short&Long Term Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Short&Long Term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major long term memory systems

A

Episodic, semantic, perpetual representation system and procedural

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic memory systems?

A

Sensory, short term and long term

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the sensory memory?

A

Large capacity, record of perceptual experience and lost quickly

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4
Q

What memory does the sensory memory have?

A

Iconic and echoic

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the iconic memory?

A

Holds visual input for 250 msec
Representation is pre-categorical

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the echoic memory?

A

Holds auditory input for 2-3 seconds

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7
Q

Who did iconic memory research?

A

Sperling

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8
Q

What did Sperling do in the whole procedure procedure

A

Flashed a matrix of 12 letters and digits for 50 msec
Had to identify as many items as possible

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9
Q

What were the findings for Sperling’s whole report procedure?

A

Participants typically remembered 4 items

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10
Q

What did Sperling do in the partial report procedure?

A

Flash a matrix of letters and digits for 50 msec
PPs reported items in just one row

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11
Q

What were the findings for Sperling’s partial report procedure?

A

PPs reported any row requested

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of STM?

A

15-30 seconds
7+/-2 items
Phonological coding

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13
Q

Who looked at the evidence for phonological coding in STM?

A

Baddeley

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14
Q

What did Baddeley, 1966, find?

A

Phonological similarity effect occurs in STM

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15
Q

What is phonological similarity effect?

A

Words that sound alike are more poorly recalled than dissimilar sounding words

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16
Q

Who looked at the capacity of the STM?

A

Cowan, 2000

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17
Q

What did Cowan find?

A

7 is an overestimation and it is more likely 4+/-1

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18
Q

What is the word length effect?

A

Recall of words is worse for longer words than for shorter words

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19
Q

How is word length effect elimimated?

A

If phonological coding is prevented through articulatory suppression such as counting or repeating an irrelevant words

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20
Q

What is the free recall task?

A

PPs had a list of words (10-15) and they had to recall them in any order and plot the results according to how well the words were recalled at each serial position

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21
Q

What could also occur in the free recall task?

A

A filled delay between last item and recall so the pps undertake a secondary activity

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22
Q

What is the lowest serial position were people guess less correctly in the free recall task?

A

10

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23
Q

What is primary gradient?

A

Recall is better at the start of a list

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24
Q

What is the recency gradient?

A

Recall is good at the end of a list

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25
Q

What causes primary gradient?

A

First few items can be rehearsed so they move to the LTM

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26
Q

What causes recency gradient?

A

Last few items are still in the STM when you start to write the list down

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27
Q

Who looked at filled delay?

A

Glanzer and Cunitz

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28
Q

What did Glanzer and Cunitz find?

A

When a filled delay is used the recency effect disappears

29
Q

Who found the 3 stage model?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

30
Q

What is Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 stage model?

A

Stimuli–> sensory stores–> STM–> LTM

31
Q

What are the components of Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

Input
Sensory memory (decay)
Attention
Central executive
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Phonological loop
Goes to the LTM

32
Q

What is the central executive?

A

Responsible for controlling and coordinating the operation of the subsystems in working memory and allocated attentional resources

33
Q

What role does the central executive have?

A

Cognitive flexibility allows individuals to switch between different tasks
Integrates information from different sources and modalities,

34
Q

What are the components of the phonological loop?

A

Phonological store and articulatory process

35
Q

What is the signature of phonological loop?

A

Phonological similarity effect

36
Q

What are the components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

Inner scribe and the visual cache

37
Q

Who looked at the LTM duration?

A

Bahrick and Phelps

38
Q

What did Bahrick and Phelps find?

A

The permastore of the LTM

39
Q

What is the permastore?

A

Information acquired by learning is stored first in an immediate memory before being transferred into a permanent memory

40
Q

Who looked at the capacity of the LTM?

A

Standing

41
Q

What did Standing find?

A

PP could recognise 133/160 pictures selected randomly from around 10,000 pictures studied earlier
There is a LTM trace of 6,600 pictures

42
Q

What is Paivio’s dual coding hypothesis?

A

Words that are imageable can be encoded in visual as well as non-visual forms

43
Q

How does the LTM code?

A

Semantic

44
Q

Who looked at the coding in LTM?

A

Baddeley

45
Q

What did Baddeley find in LTM?

A

Semantic similarity causes people to remember

46
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory for experiences and events

47
Q

Who looked at episodic memory?

A

Bahrick et al

48
Q

What did Bahrick et al find

A

Ex-students had little forgetting about former students up to 25 years

49
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge about the world

50
Q

What is semantic dementia?

A

Degeneration of the anterior temporal lobe

51
Q

Who looked at semantic dementia?

A

Mayberry et al

52
Q

What did Mayberry et al find?

A

PPs with semantic dementia find it difficult to access information about most concepts in the semantic memory

53
Q

Who looked at the episodic vs semantic memory?

A

Tulving

54
Q

What did differences did Tulving find between the episodic and semantic

A

Organisation: episodic (time related) semantic (conceptual)
Units of information: episodic (episodes and events) semantic (concepts, ideas and facts)
Likelihood of forgetting: episodic (great) semantic (small)
Source of information: episodic (sensory) semantic (comprehension)

55
Q

Who looked at the interdependence of episodic and semantic memory?

A

Greenberg et al

56
Q

What did Greenberg et al find?

A

Episodic memory can facilitate retrieval on a semantic memory task

57
Q

Who looked at spreading activation through semantic memory network?

A

Collins and Loftus

58
Q

What did Collins and Loftus find?

A

Semantic concepts or memories are represented as nodes within a larger conceptual network. The nodes in the conceptual network are interconnected through bidirectional associative links

59
Q

Who looked at the evidence for hierarchical structure of semantic memory?

A

Collins and Quillian

60
Q

What did Collins and Quillian find?

A

The time it takes to retrieve information from memory depends on how far apart the concepts are in the mental hierarchy

61
Q

What is the evidence for spreading activation through the hierarchy?

A

Semantic priming

62
Q

Who looked at semantic priming?

A

Meyer and Schvaneveldt

63
Q

What did Meyer and Schvaneveldt find?

A

The processing of a stimulus is influenced by the prior presentation of a related stimulus.

64
Q

What are the brain mechanisms of familarity and recollection?

A

Perirhinal cortex receives information about specific items, parahippocampal receives information about cortex, hippocampus receives what and where info and binds them to form item-context associations that permit recollection

65
Q

What is recollection associated with?

A

Activation of the parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus

66
Q

What is familiarity associated with?

A

Activation in the perirhinal cortex

67
Q

Who looked at the brain mechanisms of familiarity and recollection?

A

De Vanssay-Maigne et al

68
Q

What did De Vanssay-Maigne et al find?

A

Words correctly recognised with a sense of familiarity were associated with greater bilateral activation in the perirhinal cortex

Perception and Cognition (8 decks)

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