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Perception and Cognition > Lecture 6- Hearing and Language > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Hearing and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What is misophonia?

A

A disorder where certain sounds trigger an emotional /physiological response

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2
Q

Who looked at misophonia?

A

Kumar, 2017

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3
Q

What did Kumar find with brain regions involved in misophonia?

A

Hyperactivation of brain regions that is involved in emotion processing (e.g. amygdala and anterior insular cortex)

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4
Q

What is the overlap with misophonia? (Kumar)

A

Between OCD and Tourette’s so they could share the same neurological conditions

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5
Q

What is the treatment for misophonia (Kumar)?

A

CBT, exposure therapy and sound therapy

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6
Q

What is the nature of sound?

A

A sound source that emits circular pressure waves in the air

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7
Q

What is a pure tone represented by?

A

A singular sinewave

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8
Q

What are the properties of sound waves?

A

Amplitude and frequency

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9
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The volume

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10
Q

What is frequency?

A

The pitch

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11
Q

What do the notes of a musical sheet refer to?

A

The keys on the piano where frequency is generated and the pitch of a musical tone

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12
Q

How are the keys arranged on a keyboard?

A

In the order of rising frequency of the musical tone generated

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13
Q

What is harmonic intervals determined by in music?

A

By characteristic frequency ratios

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14
Q

What are the frequency and amplitude of pure tone?

A

Perceived pitch and loudness

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15
Q

How are musical tones a combination of pure tones?

A

Fundamental and harmonic frequencies

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16
Q

What is fundamental?

A

Determines pitch

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17
Q

What is harmonic frequencies?

A

They determine timbre

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18
Q

What do more complex sound have?

A

Chords, consonance, dissonance and vowels

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19
Q

What is interference?

A

The superposition of many
tones with random amplitude and frequency

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20
Q

How is the ear a transducer?

A

It converts neural signals to sound waves

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21
Q

What does the outer ear do?

A

Acts as a directional microphone

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22
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Impedance, matching and overload protection

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23
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

Frequency, analysis and neural encoding

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24
Q

What is extreme sensitivity?

A

The absolute threshold at sound levels that generate eardrum vibrations

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25
What is frequency masking?
When two similar sounds play at the same time and then one masks the other which can confuse the perception of sound
26
What is the psychophysical masking experiment?
When detecting a target tone in the presence of another tone at another frequency
27
What is the threshold in the psychophysical masking experiment?
Increasing the intensity of the mask tone until the target is no longer audible
28
How can you determine the threshold for different frequencies in psychophysical?
Varying the frequency of masking tone
29
How is a tuning curve determined?
Systematic variation of masking frequency
30
What is the channel filter tuning?
The basis for perception of pitch
31
How is perceived loudness measured?
Comparing present tones of different frequency to see which one is louder
32
Why is the intensity comparison tone adjusted?
Until the same subjective loudness is matched to the reference tone
33
What is physical intensity recorded as?
Perceived loudness
34
What are equal loudness contours?
The measure of sound pressure There is perceived loudness due to the pure tones
35
What are equal loudness contours determined by?
Matching the perceived intensity of tone pairs at various base intensities
36
What is the threshold curve also called?
The audibility function
37
What is function of frequency?
The loudness comparison
38
When is there hearing loss?
When there is a high frequency in decibels and a high pitch in Hertx
39
What do speech sound cover?
A wide range of the audible spectrum
40
Where are vowel sounds?
In the lower frequency region
41
Where are consonants?
The range in the rgion
42
What are telephone systems used for?
To cut off the upper part of the spectrum with minimal effects on speech recognition
43
What is presbycusis?
Selective high frequency hearing loss with age
44
What can noise exposure lead to?
Can lead to temporary threshold shifts (auditory fatigue) and permanent (partial) deafness
45
What is tinnitus?
Continuous humming or ringing that leads to suppression
46
What are auditory events?
Complicated patterns of frequency and intensity in time
47
What are spectrograms and sonograms used for?
Displaying and analysing real sounds to see frequency as a function of time
48
What do chords show in schematic spectrograms?
The sequence of different fundamental and harmonic frequency clusters
49
What do each spoken words generate?
A complex pattern of frequency and intensity which is modulated as a function of time
50
How are spoken words recorded as?
Spectrograms (time and frequency) and waveform envelope
51
What is the aim from Ellis et al?
Segmenting a complex task into processing steps that we explain as perception and cognition mechanisms
52
What is the process of hearing a word (Ellis et al)?
Auditory analysis system--> auditory input lexicon-->semantic system
53
What is the process for generating speech (Ellis et al)?
Phoneme response buffer, spoken word lexicon, semantic system
54
What are the brain regions involved in language?
Broca's area and Wernicke's area
55
What is the Broca's area?
In the frontal lobe and is involved in speech production
56
What is the Wernicke's area?
In the temporal lobe and involved in understanding speech
57
What has neuroimagery allowed in understanding language?
Regions and networks can be studied in detail and we can test language models
58
What sensor is the ear?
A 1D sensor (samples one point in space)
59
How is sound localisation calculated?
Pinnae, inter-aural processing and inter-aural time difference
60
What is pinnae?
Important for sensation of space and locating elevation
61
What is inter-aural processing?
The neural mechanisms so the auditory system can processes and integrates information localise sounds and enhance perception
62
What does inter-aural processing utilise?
Binaural and spectral cues
63
What binaural cues does inter-aural processing use?
Timing differences to localise and intensity differences to determine the direction
64
What spectral cues does inter-aural processing use?
Inter-aural spectral difference from the effects of the pinnae, torso and head
65
What is inter-aural time difference?
Differences in the time it takes for a sound to reach each ear
66
How is the sensitivity of the inter-aural time difference effected?
Varies with sound frequency and inter-aural distance
67
When is inter-aural time difference most effective?
At low frequency sounds
68
Which brain areas are the most effective for encoding inter-aural time difference?
The neurones in the auditory brainstem
69
Why is it difficult to single out a particular voice?
The cocktail party effect
70
Who looked at the cocktail party effect?
Cherry, 1953
71
What is the cocktail party effect?
The brain can attend to auditory information from one person and ignore others due to spatial cues
72
What did Cherry find with binaural listening?
Binaural listening has allowed ppts to repeat a message while ignoring another and binaural listening improved selective attention to a target message when there is competing messages
73
What is masking?
The detection of a tone is impaired if another tone or noise is presented at the same time
74
What does masking depend on?
Proximity in space and similarity in frequency composition
75
What is binaural unmasking?
When two different auditory signals, next to each ear separately, become distinct due to the differences in their characteristics
76
When can binaural unmasking also occur?
When two sounds have different frequencies or spectral characteristics
77
How does spatial separation link to binaural unmasking?
As they arrive at each ear with slightly different timing and intensity levels. It provides cues that help the brain separate and localise the sounds
78
What are the high level effects?
Attention, familiarity of the voice and language

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