Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > lecture 10 > Flashcards

lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

they bind the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

they bind to another part of an enzyme, making the active site less effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which inhibitor competes with the substrate?

A

competitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which inhibitor makes the active site less effective?

A

noncompetitive inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of inhibitors?

A

toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Vmax on a Reaction Rate vs Substrate Concentration graph?

A

the saturation point for a particular amount of enzyme.
the maximal reaction rate when substrate is not limiting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Km on a Reaction Rate vs Substrate Concentration graph?

A

substrate concentration at which reaction velocity is half maximal.
inversely related to enzyme affinity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compared to a normal enzyme on a graph: competitive inhibitors have the same __ but different ___.

A

same Vmax, different Km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compared to a normal enzyme on a graph: noncompetitive inhibitors have the same __ but different ___.

A

same Km different Vmax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition of thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an isolated (closed) system?

A

A system is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system is able to exchange energy and matter between the surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy associated with motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are organisms and life an open or closed system?

A

Open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Potential energy?

A

the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Chemical energy?

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True/False: Energy cannot be converted into other forms.

A

False. Energy CAN be converted into other forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Total Entropy (S) can only increase in a ___ system.

A

isolated (closed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True/False: During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat to the universe

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What property is associated with disorder?

A

Entropy (S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is entropy?

A

“waste heat” or energy loss, from heat engines and other mechanical devices which could never run with 100% efficiency in converting energy into work, a measure of molecular disorder or randomness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do spontaneous reactions occur?
without energy input
26
What is the rate of spontaneous reactions?
quickly OR slowly
27
For a process to occur spontaneously, what must happen?
it must increase the entropy of the universe
28
What are nonspontaneous reactions?
Reactions that decrease entropy of a system
29
How do nonspontaneous reactions occur?
Only if energy is provided
30
What are anabolic processes?
When organisms create ordered structures from less organized forms of energy and matter
31
What are catabolic processes?
When organisms replace ordered forms of matter and energy in their surroundings with less ordered forms
32
The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the ____ law of thermodynamics.
second
33
True/False: Entropy may decrease in a particular system, such as an organism, as long as the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases
True
34
What does the free energy change (G) of a reaction tell us?
whether or not the reaction occurred spontaneously
35
True/False: Spontaneous processes occur without energy input.
True
36
What is a systems free energy (G)?
energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell
37
What is the change in free energy related to during a process?
change in total energy (H), change in entropy (S), the temperature in Kelvin (T)
38
___ is negative for all spontaneous processes.
delta G
39
Processes with zero or positive deltaG are ____.
never spontaneous
40
What can spontaneous reactions be harnessed for?
to perfrom work
41
A systems free energy (G) is a measure of what?
the systems instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state
42
During a spontaneous change, free energy ___ and the stability of a system ____.
free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases
43
What is the only time a spontaneous reaction can occur?
When it is moving toward equillibrium
44
Does higher free energy mean more or less stable?
less
45
Does lower free energy mean more or less stable?
more
46
What happens when reactions in a closed system reach equillibrium?
They can do no more work
47
True/False: Cells are not in equilibrium. Why?
True, they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials
48
What is a defining feature of life?
metabolism is never at equilibrium
49
Are chemical reactions reversible or irreversible?
reversible
50
What do the two opposite-headed arrows indicate in reaction sequence
a reaction is reversible
51
When is chemical equilibrium reached?
when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
52
What is the concentration of reactants and products ta equilibrium?
they do not change
53
What is metabolism?
the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules
54
What does an organisms metabolism do?
transforms matter and energy
55
How does the metabolic pathway begin and end?
begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
56
What do catabolic pathways do?
release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
57
What do anabolic pathways do?
consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
58
What is an example of a catabolic pathway?
cellular respiration
59
What is an example of an anabolic pathway?
synthesis of proteins from amino acids
60
How does an exergonic reaction proceed?
with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous (Delta G negative)
61
How does an endergonic reaction proceed?
absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous (delta G positive)
62
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate, cells energy currency
63
What is ATP composed of?
ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups
64
How can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP's tail be broken?
by hydrolysis
65
What happens when the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ATP?
energy is released
66
Where does the release of energy come from when the terminal phosphate bond is broken in ATP
the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, NOT from the phosphate bonds themselves
67
What does ATP power, and how?
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
68
What are the 3 kinds of work cells do?
chemical, transport, and mechanical
69
What is chemical work in cells?
pushing endergonic reactions to be net exergonic reactions
70
What is transport work in cells?
pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement
71
What is an example of mechanical work in cells?
contraction of muscle cells
72
What is energy coupling?
the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
73
How do cells do work?
by managing energy resources by energy coupling
74
Majority of energy coupling in cells is mediated by ___.
ATP
75
Are coupled reactions endergonic or exergonic?
exergonic
76
True/False: Endergonic reactions can be coupled to exergonic ones to drive them forward.
True
77
What is phosphorylation?
transferring of a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant
78
What is a phosphorylated intermediate?
The recipient molecules of phosphorylation
79
What is the sign of G in phosphorylation?
negative

biology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions