lecture 11

Question 1

What is the purpose of cell junctions?

Answer 1

exchange nutrients and ions

Question 2

How do animal cells exchange nutrients and ions?

Answer 2

Gap junctions

Question 3

What are gap junctions made of?

Answer 3

channel proteins called Connnexin

Question 4

How do plant cells exchange nutrients and ions?

Answer 4

Plasmodesmata

Question 5

What is cell-cell recognition?

Answer 5

Receptor on one cell binds to a ligand on another

Question 6

What are the two types of cell communication?

Answer 6

Cell junctions and cell-cell recognition

Question 7

What is paracrine signaling?

Answer 7

The signaling molecule secreted by one cell is received by neighboring cell

Question 8

What are the two types of local cell signaling?

Answer 8

Paracrine and Synaptic

Question 9

What is synaptic signaling?

Answer 9

Neurotransmitter secreted by neuron is received by the target cell (muscle cells)

Question 10

What is a type of long-distance signaling in cells?

Answer 10

Endocrine

Question 11

What is endocrine signaling?

Answer 11

When a hormone secreted by the endocrine gland into the bloodstream reaches its target located at a distance

Question 12

What are the three major steps to cell signaling?

Answer 12

Reception (start), Signal Transduction (process), Response (outcome)

Question 13

What are the types of reception that can happen in cell signaling?

Answer 13

Direct contact, Paracrine (growth factors), synaptic (neurotransmitters), endocrine (hormones)

Question 14

Where does signal transduction occur?

Answer 14

withing the cell, pathways and network

Question 15

What is the response stage in cell signaling and give examples.

Answer 15

activation of cellular response; Metabolic activity, gene transcription
EX: cell survival, cell division, cell death

Question 16

What does UV light do to DNA (name)?

Answer 16

causes pyrimidine dimers

Question 17

What occurs to produce a pyrimidine dimer?

Answer 17

Adjacent T,T; C,T; or C,C fuse with new covalent bonds that cannot be ‘read’ by the cell

Question 18

What happens when DNA damage is detected?

Answer 18

proteins working in a complex disassociate (p53 and MDM2)

Question 19

What does a connection line with a perpendicular line mean in cellular damage map?

Answer 19

one protein is blocking or inhibiting the actions of another; it prevent mutations from being passed on to new cells

Question 20

What does an arrow pointing at a protein mean in the cell diagram?

Answer 20

activation of another protein or pathway

Question 21

What happens to the heart when fight or flight mode is activated?

Answer 21

heart rate increases and pumps blood

Question 22

What happens to the lungs when fight or flight mode is activated?

Answer 22

bronchodilation -respiration

Question 23

What happens to the liver when fight or flight mode is activated?

Answer 23

mobilize glucose

Question 24

What is the function of Glycogen phosphorylase?

Answer 24

produces the cellular response to epinephrine

Question 25

What is a ligand?

Answer 25

a signaling molecule

Question 26

What is epinephrine known as?

Answer 26

Adrenaline

Question 27

What are the size of ligands?

Answer 27

large or small

Question 28

Examples of ligands in nature?

Answer 28

protein/carb/lipid/nucleotide/hydrocarbon

Question 29

What do ligands do?

Answer 29

they bind to their own receptors- exhibits high specificity to is receptors

Question 30

Where are G Protein coupled receptors located?

Answer 30

on the cell membrane

Question 31

What is the function of G Protein coupled receptors?

Answer 31

transduce extracellular signals

Question 32

What are the seven transmembrane domains in GPCR?

Answer 32

the protein parts that passes through the lipid membrane

Question 33

What is the cytoplasmic domain in GPCR?

Answer 33

The part of the protein that goes deeper into the cytoplasmic and makes contact with the relay proteins (G proteins)

Question 34

What is the order of the G protein signaling pathway?

Answer 34

1.) Signaling molecules is the first messenger, it binds to GPCR and activates it 2.) Activated GCPR binds to G protein then GTP binds to G protein 3.)Activated G protein binds to enzyme adenylyl cyclase and activates it 4.) Activated adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic MP (cAMP), which works as a second messenger 5.)cAMP activates a kinase important for metabolic activity inside cell

Question 35

What does GCPR do in terms of cell signaling for animals?

Answer 35

transduces signals for the 5 senses

Question 36

What is GCPR critical for?

Answer 36

drug delivery

Question 37

About 50% of all prescribed drugs target a ___?

Answer 37

GCPR