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Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive?

A

cells

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2
Q

True or False: all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells

A

True

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3
Q

What are the common features that all cells have?

A

Plasma membrane, Semifluid substance called cytosol, DNA (includes genes), and ribosomes

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4
Q

Where is cytosol?

A

In the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Describe prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes(5).

A

Eubacteria and archaea, smaller, less complex, no true nucleus, singular circular chromosome

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6
Q

Describe Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes (6).

A

Single-celled or multicellular
larger
more complex
true nucleus
linear chromosomes
membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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8
Q

What determines the size of a cell?

A

metabolic requirements set the upper limits on the size of cells

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9
Q

What happens as a cell increases in size?

A

its volume grows proportionally more than its surface area

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10
Q

What does the inside of a eukaryotic cell have?

A

internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments (the organelles)

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11
Q

How can you visualize cells?

A

Through a microscope

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12
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through the glass lenses
The lenses refract the light so that the image is magnified

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13
Q

How can you view things smaller than a cell?

A

Electron Microscope

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14
Q

Who was June Almeida?

A

gifted electron microscopist
first to produce the image of a coronavirus
studied rubella, hep B, and HIV
pioneered using the electron microscope to diagnose viral diseases

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15
Q

Study cell structure image

A

.

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16
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

most of the cells genes

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17
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane; each membrane consisting of a lipid bilayer

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19
Q

DNA + Protein=____

A

chromatin

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20
Q

Where is the nucleolus located?

A

within the nucleus

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21
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

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22
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein

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23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

carry out protein synthesis (take instructions from mRNA and turn into protein) in two locations

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24
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

in the cytosol (free ribosomes)
on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) (Rough ER)

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25
What is the function of the endomembrane system?
regulates protein traffic into and out of cells
26
What does the endomembrane consist of?
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane
27
How are the components of the endomembrane connected?
either continuous or vis transfer vesicles
28
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells and is continuous with the nuclear envelope
29
What is smooth ER like?
lacks ribosomes
30
What is rough ER like?
surface is studded with ribosomes
31
What does the golgi apparatus consist of?
flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
32
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Modifies products of the ER sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
33
What is a lysosome?
a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules ( both foreign "food" and self)
34
Where do the lysosome enzymes work best?
in the acidic environment inside the lysosome (like the stomach)
35
How are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes made?
by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for processing
36
What is phagocytosis?
when some cells engulf another cell
37
How are food vacuoles formed?
phagocytosis
38
How are molecules digested in the cell?
Lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole and digest molecules
39
What is autophagy?
when lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules
40
Describe vacuoles in an animal cell
Generally small and multiple... mature plant cells usually have one central one
41
Where are contractile vacuoles found?
in many freshwater protists
42
What is the function of contractile vacuoles?
To pump excess water out of cells
43
Where are central vacuoles found?
mature plant cells
44
What is the function of central vacuoles?
hold organic compounds and water
45
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
46
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
to organize cells structure and activities also anchors many organelles
47
What three structures compose the cytoskeleton?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
48
What is the structure of microtubules?
largest hollow tubes made of tubulin dimers
49
What is the function of microtubules?
miotic spindle for chromosome separation during cell division "tracks" for transport of organelles and vesicles
50
What is the structure of microfilaments?
smallest, coiled chains of actin monomers
51
What is the function of microfilaments?
cell shape, structure cell motility
52
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
cell shape/organization
53
Where are intermediate filaments found?
in animals
54
Which tubule/filament is the least dynamic?
intermediate filaments
55
Where are microtubules found in animal cells?
growing out of the centrosome near the nucleus (centrioles+ proteins)
56
In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of ____, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.
centrioles
57
What makes up the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)?
centrioles+proteins
58
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
propel unicellular eukaryotes through water
59
What do microtubules control?
the beating of flagella and cilia
60
True or false: cilia and flagella have the same beating pattern
false
61

biology (28 decks)

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