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Hist 115 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What societal legacy contributed to the exclusion of women from engineering?

A

Newton’s legacy and the male-dominated scientific establishment

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2
Q

Who was the first woman in Europe awarded a Civil Engineering degree?

A

Alec Perry

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3
Q

Who was the first woman admitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers in Britain?

A

Mary Fergusson

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4
Q

What made Richard Trevithick’s steam engine unique compared to previous models?

A

It was high-pressure, compact, powerful, and self-moving

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5
Q

What was the nickname of Trevithick’s first steam-powered road vehicle?

A

Puffing Devil

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6
Q

Why did Trevithick’s engine make James Watt’s design obsolete?

A

It was more powerful, lighter, and had expandable horsepower

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7
Q

What was the commercial and technological significance of Trevithick’s 1799 engine?

A

It could be bought and used widely, and ran on high-pressure steam

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8
Q

What key advantage did Trevithick’s engine have in terms of power regulation?

A

Horsepower could be adjusted with a valve

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9
Q

Why didn’t Trevithick’s engine replace Watt’s despite its superiority?

A

Watt sh*t talked it (External factors)

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10
Q

What was the name of Trevithick’s locomotive built before Stephenson’s?

A

Penydarren locomotive

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11
Q

What existing system did Trevithick adapt his engine to replace?

A

Animal-powered wagon rail systems

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12
Q

What was the name of Trevithick’s 1808 locomotive used for public demonstrations?

A

Catch Me Who Can

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13
Q

What innovation in Trevithick’s boiler design made it more efficient?

A

A firebox surrounded by water with hot gases channeled through tubes

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14
Q

Who were responsible for Trevithick’s lack of recognition and commercial failure?

A

James Watt and George Stephenson

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15
Q

What were the Rainhill Trials?

A

A locomotive contest with a £500 prize and railway contract

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16
Q

What prize was awarded at the Rainhill Trials?

A

Contract to build locomotives for the Liverpool-Manchester Railway

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17
Q

What was the first vehicle to drop out of the Rainhill Trials, and why?

A

Cycloped, powered by a horse, not a steam engine

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18
Q

Why did Perseverance fail in the Rainhill Trials?

A

It suffered boiler damage on the first day

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19
Q

What flaw led to the failure of Sans Pareil in the Rainhill Trials?

A

Cylinder damage

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20
Q

What was special about the design of Novelty in the Rainhill Trials?

A

It was light, fast, and powerful, but was damaged before finishing

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21
Q

Which locomotive won the Rainhill Trials?

A

Stephenson’s Rocket

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22
Q

What design tweak did Stephenson’s Rocket have?

A

Angled pistons

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23
Q

Why did George Stephenson receive credit as the ‘inventor’ of the locomotive?

A

His was the only engine that survived the trials and completed the race

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24
Q

What historical theory elevated Stephenson’s status as a key inventor?

A

The Great Man Theory

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25
How was Trevithick’s contribution to locomotive history treated?
It was largely forgotten
26
What term refers to large-scale changes in society brought by steam locomotion?
Transportation revolution
27
What was the primary difference between Trevithick and Watt’s engines in mobility?
Trevithick’s could move itself; Watt’s could not
28
What did Trevithick’s engine demonstrate about mechanical independence?
It was the first engine to power itself without human or animal assistance
29
How does Trevithick’s story challenge the idea of technological determinism?
It shows superior technology doesn’t always succeed due to external social factors
30
What theory credits individual genius for major historical advancements?
The Great Man Theory
31
Who did James Watt openly criticize for working with high-pressure steam?
Richard Trevithick
32
How did Watt try to undermine Trevithick's engines?
He told companies they were dangerous and would explode
33
What kind of steam engines did James Watt oppose?
High-pressure steam engines
34
Why did Watt try to block high-pressure steam engine development in Parliament?
To protect his investments and resist technological progress
35
What did Watt believe about his engine in relation to innovation?
That his engine was the best and should remain unchanged
36
What was a key social impact of railroads?
They allowed the poor and wealthy to travel at the same speed
37
Before railroads, how did travel differ between social classes?
Wealthy used horses/carriages; poor walked
38
Why was there social uproar when lower classes were allowed on trains?
It disrupted class-based mobility and speed privileges
39
What biological change did railroads contribute to?
Broader genetic diversity from increased travel and intermarriage
40
Why did rural communities have limited genetic diversity before railroads?
People stayed in the same villages and intermarried locally
41
What technological development helped initiate globalization?
Railroads combined with steamships
42
What did the term 'compression of time and space' mean in the context of rail travel?
Travel times were drastically reduced, connecting distant regions faster
43
What shift in the professional landscape occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
From self-taught inventors to professional civil engineers
44
Who is credited with 'building the modern world'?
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
45
What major innovation did Brunel introduce in ship design?
Fully metal ships with a propeller instead of paddle wheels
46
What was the name of Brunel’s groundbreaking ocean liner?
Great Britain
47
What critical improvement did Brunel make to ship boilers?
He introduced water purifiers so boilers could run with fresh water
48
Why were Brunel’s propellers better than paddle wheels?
They remained fully submerged and stable in the water
49
How did Brunel’s work support continuous, long-distance sea travel?
His designs allowed ships to run longer without stopping for water
50
What societal factor in the 1850s began supporting technological innovation more broadly?
Public support and belief in technological positivism
51
What is 'technological positivism'?
The belief that technology always results in positive progress
52
What key aspect of steamships and railroads transformed global travel?
They enabled intercontinental travel and reduced journey times
53
What does the case of railroads and genetics show about technology?
That technology can lead to unpredictable biological and social outcomes
54
Who was the British monarch during the entire Industrial Revolution?
Queen Victoria
55
What was Prince Albert’s goal with the 1850 Royal Commission?
To integrate art and industry and inspire the working class
56
What did Prince Albert hope poor people would do after seeing great industrial designs?
Be inspired to build similar things themselves
57
Who was the gardener who designed the Great Conservatory and later the Crystal Palace?
Joseph Paxton
58
What made the Great Conservatory historically significant despite its failure?
It was the first building made entirely of glass and metal
59
What was the Crystal Palace known as during its time?
A “temple devoted to technology”
60
What material became mass-produced in Britain by the 1850s, enabling buildings like the Crystal Palace?
Glass
61
What were some technological highlights introduced at the Great Exhibition of 1851?
Grand piano, photography, fax machine, talking telegraph
62
What early form of communication scared people and was not commercially adopted in 1851?
Talking telegraph
63
What was the strategic reason Britain had every country bring natural resources to the Great Exhibition?
To catalog them and later conquer territories when resources ran out
64
How many people attended the Great Exhibition of 1851?
Over 6 million
65
What did the Singer sewing machine of 1852 provide to women for the first time?
A machine designed for them and financial independence
66
What made the Singer machine more accessible to working-class women?
It was sold on an installment plan
67
What major societal goal of the Exhibition did Prince Albert fail to achieve?
Social improvement through inspiring the working class
68
What revolution was the first to be extensively documented by photography?
The Industrial and Transportation Revolution
69
Why did Prince Albert struggle to fund the Great Exhibition of 1851?
He had limited financial resources and relied partially on Queen Victoria's support
70
How was access to the Great Exhibition restricted for poor people?
They were only allowed to enter after regular hours
71
What Canadian items were showcased at the Great Exhibition?
A canoe and a pile of lumber
72
What was the purpose of combining art with industry during the Exhibition?
To elevate the quality and aesthetic of industrial products
73
What was one of the long-term impacts of the Crystal Palace’s construction?
It influenced the design of future metal-and-glass structures like skyscrapers

Hist 115 (16 decks)

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