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Hist 115 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did technology progress so rapidly between the Wright brothers and space flight?

A

Because of warfare and military-driven innovation.

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2
Q

What country first fully embraced the integration of science and technology?

A

Germany.

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3
Q

What is technoscience?

A

The integration of science, technology, government, universities, and private companies—also known as ‘big science.’

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4
Q

What was Germany’s advantage in technoscientific development?

A

They merged government, research institutions, and industries into unified projects.

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5
Q

What was the original purpose of technoscience?

A

To cope with the environment and solve practical problems.

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6
Q

What ethical concerns are tied to the origins of technoscience?

A

It has primarily served warfare, beginning with chemical weapons and the Manhattan Project.

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7
Q

What shift has science undergone due to technoscience?

A

It has drifted away from pure knowledge and become profit- and production-driven.

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8
Q

What discovery by Germans led to the Manhattan Project?

A

They were the first to split the atom, which triggered the U.S. response to build an atomic bomb.

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9
Q

What early German computing advancement was developed in 1943?

A

The Z3 computer, capable of storing 60 words.

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10
Q

What was the first commercial computer and who developed it?

A

The Z4, developed by the Germans in 1944 using electrical relays.

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11
Q

How did Germany advance television technology?

A

They developed high-quality optics and cameras for advanced TV broadcasting.

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12
Q

What types of radio-controlled weapons did Germany work on?

A

Heat-seeking rockets and sound-sensitive underwater torpedoes.

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13
Q

What was the purpose of the Magnetophon K1?

A

To record sound without distortion; it later evolved into modern data storage systems.

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14
Q

What was the V1 missile, and how was it powered?

A

The first guided missile, powered by a pulsejet engine, not a rocket.

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15
Q

What German rocket was capable of reaching space?

A

The A4 rocket, a precursor to modern spaceflight.

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16
Q

What caused a drastic increase in war casualties after 1914?

A

The involvement of scientists and engineers in warfare and the use of technology.

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17
Q

How did pre-1914 wars differ from those after?

A

They focused on army vs. army combat and had far fewer casualties.

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18
Q

What major change occurred in warfare starting in WWI?

A

Non-military professionals began directing war strategy, increasing destruction and deaths.

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19
Q

What shift occurred in warfare by WWII?

A

The focus changed from targeting armies to targeting civilian populations.

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20
Q

Which doctrine promoted the bombing of civilians over military forces?

A

Trenchard’s Doctrine, developed by the British in the 1930s.

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21
Q

Why was targeting civilians seen as preferable under Trenchard’s Doctrine?

A

It was cheaper and more efficient than fighting armies directly.

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22
Q

What ideology contributed to justifying the mass killing of civilians?

A

Social Darwinism.

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23
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A

The belief that the strong will prevail and the weak should be replaced or eliminated.

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24
Q

How does capitalism resemble Social Darwinism in this context?

A

It promotes survival of the strongest, while the weak (like the working class) lose.

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25
What is eugenics?
A pseudoscientific effort to improve the human race by eliminating 'unfit' individuals.
26
Which Canadian province institutionalized eugenics into law?
Alberta.
27
What was the name of Alberta's sterilization policy?
The Sexual Sterilization Act (1928–1972).
28
Who led Alberta’s eugenics program?
John MacEachran, Provost of the University of Alberta.
29
How were people selected for sterilization in Alberta?
Through IQ tests, which falsely assumed intellect was inborn.
30
What legal action was taken against Alberta’s eugenics program?
Leilani Muir sued the province after being sterilized for failing an IQ test.
31
What pseudoscience was used to judge human superiority by skull size?
Craniometry.
32
What institution pioneered technoscience and supported eugenics research?
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.
33
How was scientific theory applied during the Holocaust?
It was used to justify and execute the mass murder of civilian populations.
34
What groups were targeted by Nazi technoscience as inferior?
Jews, Poles, Slavs.
35
What was Poland’s role in the Holocaust?
It was used as a testing ground for methods of mass extermination.
36
What made Polish concentration camps unique?
They were designed specifically for mass killings, not labor.
37
What was the purpose of concentration camps according to Nazi logic?
To operate like factories—disassembling humans and turning them into commodities.
38
What was the ‘W Report’?
Documentation of extermination camps created by the Polish resistance.
39
Why didn’t the U.S. bomb Nazi death camps despite knowing about them?
It was deemed too expensive and not in the interest of taxpayers.
40
How did Western companies benefit from the Holocaust?
IBM provided tech, Swiss banks held Nazi money, Zyklon B was industrially supplied.
41
Why were many Nazi war criminals protected after WWII?
In exchange for access to German technologies, Western countries gave them refuge.
42
Who pioneered the concept of Blitzkrieg using tanks and air support?
Heinz Guderian.
43
What was Blitzkrieg warfare?
A fast-moving, coordinated assault combining motorized units and air support.
44
What was Germany’s first 'modern' tank introduced in 1939?
The Panzer IV.
45
Which Soviet tank was developed in response to the Panzer IV?
The T-34/76.
46
What advantages did the T-34/76 have over the Panzer IV?
Sloped armor, higher speed (55 km/h), 76mm gun, and better maneuverability.
47
Why was sloped armor effective in tank design?
It caused enemy shots to ricochet rather than penetrate.
48
What was Germany’s response to the T-34/76?
The Panzer V (Panther).
49
What made the Panther tank one of Germany’s best designs?
Sloped armor, good balance of firepower and speed.
50
Which tank did the Soviets produce in response to the Panther (Panzer V)?
The T-34/85.
51
Why was the T-34/85 highly effective?
Lighter, faster (55 km/h), maneuverable, and fuel-efficient.
52
What was the Soviet approach to tank design in WWII?
Simple, cheap, fast to build, efficient, and designed for mass production.
53
What was the Panzer VI Tiger tank known for?
Heavy armor and the most powerful cannon (88mm) in WWII.
54
Why was the Tiger I tank so deadly?
It could destroy Allied tanks from over a kilometer away and was nearly impenetrable from the front.
55
What was the major weakness of the Tiger I tank?
Its rear was vulnerable, it was fuel-hungry, and easily immobilized.
56
What tank did Russia create to counter the Tiger I?
The IS-2 (Iosef Stalin tank).
57
Why did the IS-2 fail in combat?
It required special two-stage ammunition and was inefficient in battle.
58
Despite lower quality, why did Soviet tanks prove more effective overall?
They were produced in massive numbers.
59
How many Panzer IV tanks were produced during WWII?
Around 8,500.
60
How many Panther tanks were produced?
About 4,800.
61
How many Tiger I tanks were built?
Roughly 1,350.
62
What was the total production of Soviet T-34 tanks?
Over 35,000.
63
What absurdly large tank did Hitler support that failed due to design flaws?
The Mouse Porsche (190 tons, hybrid electric).
64
What was Hitler’s ultimate tank fantasy called?
The 'Ratte' – a 1,000-ton super tank.
65
What were the so-called “German UFOs” powered by?
Jet engines with directional nozzles.
66
Why did German flying saucer prototypes fail?
They were unstable, expensive, and couldn’t maneuver well—helicopters proved more efficient.
67
What was the Avrocar, and where was it built?
A Canadian-built U.S. project based on captured German saucer designs.
68
What was the 'Silver Bird' project?
A WWII German concept to glide across the Atlantic and bomb the U.S.—never built.
69
What was the Enigma machine used for?
Encoding and encrypting German military communications.
70
How complex was the Enigma’s encryption?
It had over 150 quintillion possible combinations.
71
Who truly broke the Enigma code first?
Polish mathematicians: Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski, and Jerzy Rozycki.
72
When and where was Enigma first broken?
In Warsaw, Poland, in 1932—seven years before WWII began.
73
What was the Polish-built machine that cracked Enigma?
The Bomba (or Bomb), an early electrical code-breaking computer.
74
What important transfer happened between Poland and Britain in 1939?
Poles gave British codebooks, a Bomba machine, and decoding techniques.
75
Who was the British officer sent to collect the Polish Enigma work?
Dilly Knox, head of Bletchley Park.
76
What was Alan Turing’s connection to the Enigma codebreakers?
He met Rejewski in 1939 and helped further develop the Bomba machine.
77
How did Bletchley Park break messages in early 1940?
Rejewski decoded them in France and sent the daily keys to Britain.
78
Why didn’t the Polish codebreakers receive credit after WWII?
They were trapped behind the Iron Curtain and ignored by the West.
79
What key interview confirmed Poland’s role in breaking Enigma?
A post-war interview with Marian Rejewski.
80
Where did much of the uranium used in the Manhattan Project come from?
Captured from Germany by Allied forces (not sourced from North America).
81
What was Werner Heisenberg’s role in German atomic research?
He led nuclear development at Haigerloch Castle.
82
What German aircraft influenced the B-2 and B-21 stealth bombers?
The Ho 229 (though it wasn’t truly a stealth aircraft).
83
What was the Ju 287, and why was it important?
A German jet bomber with assisted takeoff that shaped Cold War bomber design.
84
What was the first advanced U.S. jet fighter post-WWII?
The F-86 Sabre.
85
What secret Soviet jet emerged in parallel to the F-86?
The MiG-15.
86
How were the F-86 and MiG-15 so similar?
Both were independently based on German blueprints and design philosophy.
87
What German jet prototype directly influenced Cold War jets?
The Focke-Wulf Ta-183.
88
What postwar field was also built from Nazi German technology?
Modern rocketry (both U.S. and Soviet programs).
89
Why did both Cold War superpowers rush to capture German scientists?
To gain access to advanced designs, materials, and weapons systems.

Hist 115 (16 decks)

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