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Hist 115 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What prestigious scientific society was founded in Britain and originally excluded women?

A

The Royal Society

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2
Q

Who was the first woman admitted to the Royal Society?

A

Kathleen Lonsdale

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3
Q

What was Isaac Newton’s attitude toward women, according to historical accounts?

A

He hated women

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4
Q

What did Westfall describe Newton as?

A

“The holy other”

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5
Q

Why was the Royal Society criticized in terms of gender representation?

A

It was entirely male-dominated and excluded women

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6
Q

During the plague, what major contributions did Newton supposedly make while isolated?

A

Fluxions (calculus), laws of gravity and motion

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7
Q

Where do modern scholars believe Newton’s discoveries originated from?

A

Alexandrian texts

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8
Q

Why didn’t Newton publish his early discoveries during the plague years?

A

He was focused on alchemy and secrecy

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9
Q

Who uncovered that Newton was deeply involved in alchemy?

A

Betty Dobbs

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10
Q

Why was Betty Dobbs’ book about Newton delayed until publication?

A

The topic was controversial, especially in the 1980s and she was a woman

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11
Q

What kind of language did alchemists like Newton use to keep their work secret?

A

Specialized, symbolic language

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12
Q

What did Newton claim to have transmuted?

A

Metals into gold

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13
Q

What substance did Newton believe was the elixir of life?

A

Mercury

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14
Q

Who was Robert Hooke, and what was his role in the Royal Society?

A

Secretary who collected and monitored scientific work

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15
Q

What did Newton refuse to do after his conflict with Hooke?

A

Publish any more work until Hooke died

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16
Q

What groundbreaking work did Newton eventually publish, outlining the laws of motion?

A

Principia

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17
Q

What was the issue with Newton’s Principia when it was first released?

A

It was filled with complex math and hard to understand

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18
Q

How did Newton’s laws contribute to social change in Britain?

A

They promoted the idea that all people are governed by the same natural laws, rich or poor

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19
Q

What invention caused a dispute between Newton and Hooke?

A

Reflective telescope

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20
Q

What major scientific work did Newton publish after Hooke’s death?

A

Optics

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21
Q

What was Newton’s view of light according to his Optics?

A

Light is made of particles (matter)

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22
Q

What language became dominant in science after Newton’s Optics?

A

English

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23
Q

What did Newton’s Optics help establish in science?

A

A standardized, English-language approach to modern science

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24
Q

How was the Royal Society of London funded compared to France’s Academy of Sciences?

A

It was privately funded

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25
What group of people began to fund science during the rise of industrial society?
The middle class and newly wealthy capitalists
26
Who created an early vacuum pump and inspired future steam engine designs?
Heron of Alexandria
27
What resource crisis led Britain to transition from wood to coal?
The British Navy's demand for wood for shipbuilding
28
What problem did early steam engines aim to solve in coal mining?
Pumping water out of flooded coal mines
29
Who stole designs from Edward Marquess of Worcester to create a water pump?
Thomas Savery
30
What advantage allowed Thomas Savery to profit from early steam engine designs?
He secured a broad patent that others had to license
31
Who developed the piston-cylinder concept into a functional steam engine?
Denis Papin
32
What happened to Papin’s steamboat idea?
It was never built due to social and political obstacles
33
Why did Denis Papin flee France?
Religious persecution
34
Which famous scientist hired Denis Papin as an assistant?
Robert Boyle
35
Who took credit for Papin’s vacuum pump work?
Robert Boyle
36
Who did Papin rely on for funding after Boyle’s death?
Robert Hooke
37
What happened to Papin after Hooke died?
He lost access to funding and support from the Royal Society
38
Who blocked Papin's funding request and accused him of false claims?
Thomas Savery
39
Why did Thomas Savery discredit Papin’s steam engine design?
He didn’t hold patents for water-based steam engines and wanted to stop competition
40
How did Isaac Newton respond to Papin’s funding request?
He rejected it and told him to try cheaper experiments
41
What recognition did Papin eventually receive from the Royal Society?
Credit for inventing the pressure cooker
42
Who was credited with selling the first commercially successful steam engine?
Thomas Newcomen
43
Who was a Scottish instrument maker that improved on Newcomen’s engine?
James Watt
44
What key innovation did James Watt add to reduce heat loss in steam engines?
An external condenser
45
How did James Watt secure a patent for his steam engine improvements?
He modified Newcomen’s design enough to claim it as new
46
Who financially backed James Watt and helped commercialize his engine?
Matthew Boulton
47
What type of manufacturing did Boulton and Watt’s factory support?
Industrial production of steam engines
48
What technology enabled the standardization needed for industrial steam engines?
John Wilkinson’s cannon-boring machine
49
Why did James Watt have to introduce rotary motion into his steam engine?
To power factory machinery
50
Who originally invented the crank and flywheel that Watt used and modified?
James Pickard
51
What system existed before factories where workers were paid based on their output at home?
Putting-out system
52
What were the advantages of the putting-out system for workers?
Worked from home, flexible hours, no boss, surrounded by family
53
Why did the putting-out system decline with the rise of industrialization?
Machines became too large to fit in homes
54
What was the purpose of the first factories?
To house large machines that couldn't fit in homes
55
How did the factory system change labor organization?
Workers were centralized, supervised, and paid minimal wages
56
What negative effect did factories have on family life?
Workers were removed from their families and homes
57
What was a key consequence of factory working conditions?
Widespread child labor and generational poverty
58
What powered the earliest factories before steam engines?
Water wheels
59
Why were water wheels eventually replaced in factories?
They were unreliable and inefficient
60
Who created Cromford Mill and became wealthy by using steam power?
Richard Arkwright
61
What was significant about the Cromford Mill?
It was one of the first steam-powered factories
62
What key advantage did steam engines give factories?
Independence from natural forces like water currents
63
Who designed Portsmouth Block Mills, an early example of industrial automation?
Marc Brunel
64
What was mass-produced at Portsmouth Block Mills?
Ship blocks (pulleys)
65
What was revolutionary about the Portsmouth Block Mills system?
assembly line
66
How did automation at Portsmouth Block Mills affect labor?
It eliminated the need for skilled workers
67
What did standardization in factories lead to?
Consistent production and interchangeability of parts
68
How did the steam engine reduce factory operating costs?
It allowed factories to be built directly in cities
69
What major demographic shift was caused by the factory system?
People moved from rural areas to cities for work
70
What was a key social outcome of industrial factories?
Growth in both personal wealth and urban poverty
71
Why was life bleak for many factory workers during the Industrial Revolution?
They earned low wages and had little chance of social mobility
72
What is "technological positivism"?
The belief that technology always positively influences society
73
What transportation shift reflected technological positivism?
Travel became faster and accessible to all social classes
74
What social reform began in response to factory-related poverty?
Schemes for affordable housing for the working poor

Hist 115 (16 decks)

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