Lecture 10 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Acquired immunity can be characterized by:
- mode of acquisition
- response by immune system
Naturally acquired passive immunity
immunity acquired from antibody passed from mother to child
2 ways:
- placenta (IgG antibodies)
- Colostrum, and breast milk (IgA antibodies)
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Immunity gained through antibodies harvested from another person or animal
(antivenome)
Naturally acquired active immunity
immunity gained through illness and recovery
Artificially acquired active immunity
immunity gained from vaccination
When is antiserum used?
- used after disease
When is prophylactic serum used?
- this is a protective serum
- used to prevent disease
- ex: people who survived ebola donate blood, from which antibodies are injected to health care workers
secondary response is also known as _______ ______
anamnestic response
What is vaccination?
- intentional exposure to antigen to stimulate active immunity
What is heard immunity?
- When most individuals in a population are immunized they protects those that are not (i.e. too young) or can not (i.e. immune-compromised) be vaccinated
Types of Vaccines:
- Live attenuated
- Inactivated
- Subunit
- Toxoid
- Conjugate
How are Live attenuated vaccines made?
- Made by deleting virulence factors through genetic engineering or prolonged culture in a non-human host
Good and Bad of Live attenuated vaccines?
how they work and potential hazard
- Good - Elicit very strong immune response b/c pathogen’s virulence factors are artificially deleted so pathogen is alive and able to elicit an immune response without causing the disease
- Bad - May revert to pathogenic state and cause disease in rare cases
How are inactivated vaccines made/work?
- The pathogen is killed via heat, chemicals, or radiation
- The killed pathogen is still able to elicit an immune response
Examples of live attenuated vaccines:
- FluMist®
- varicella
Examples of inactivated vaccines:
- Hepatitis A
- anthrax
How are Subunit vaccines made/work?
- Part or subunit of pathogen that still elicits immune response is purified from pathogen or produced via genetic engineering (from E coli)
- thus it still elicits an immune response without the disease (because there is no pathogen)
Examples of subunit vaccines
- Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine
- 23 different polysaccharides from 23 different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are in the vaccine
How are Toxoid vaccines made?
- pathogen (toxins) is inactivated by treatment of formaldehyde or heat
Examples of toxoid vaccine:
- Tetanus
- Diptheria
- if these toxins were not treated to be inactivated then the person would die from the disease
How are conjugate vaccines made/work?
- Weakly immunogenic substance are conjugated (attached) to something that generates a strong immune response
- now making the immune system respond more robustly to a weakly stimulating pathogen
What are adjuvants?
- Substances added to vaccines to boost antigenicity
- boosters for vaccines
2 ways how adjuvants work:
- they stabilize the vaccine
- Stimulate innate immunity by chemically stimulating Toll-like receptors to trigger an innate immune response
How do DNA vaccines work?
- pathogen’s epitope gene is cloned into a plasmid , which is then injected into humans
- human cells now begin expressing the antigen which will be recognized as foreign
(make our cells produce antigen)
