Lecture 2 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
Prokaryotes
A
- pro = primitive - have no nucleus - bacteria and archaea - no membrane bound organelle
2
Q
Prokaryotes (cytoplasm)
A
- disorganized and not compartmentalized — no membrane bound organelles
3
Q
Eukaryotes
A
Membrane bound nucleus - fungi, algae, Protozoa
4
Q
Size comparison
A
Protozoa > algae > fungi > bacteria/archaea > virus
5
Q
Prokaryotes (genetic organization)
A
- single loop of DNA - haploid
6
Q
Eukaryotic (genetic organization)
A
- multiple chromosome - diploid
7
Q
Cell membrane (pro/eu)
A
Follows fluid mosaic model - membrane in constant fluidity/flux
8
Q
Prokaryotic (ribosomes)
A
- 70S free floating in cytoplasm – subunit 50S and 30S
9
Q
Eukaryotic (ribosome)
A
- 80s bound to ER - subunit 40s and 60s
10
Q
Svedberg unit (S)
A
Sedimentation velocity of ribosomes when spun in centrifuge
11
Q
Selective toxicity
A
- different mass of ribosome between prokaryotes and eukaryotes aid drug in targeting one type
12
Q
Prokaryotes (photosynthesis )
A
- chlorophyll Dissolved in membrane - other pigment such as bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriorhodopsin also conduct photosynthesis
13
Q
Eukaryotic (photosynthesis)
A
Chlorophyll contained in chloroplast (membrane bound organelle)
14
Q
Origin of chlorophyll
A
First emerged in bacteria - helps with photosynthesis
15
Q
Bacteria cell wall
A
Composed of peptidoglycan
16
Q
Eukaryotes (cell wall)
A
- only in algae and fungi - animals have no cell wall
17
Q
Nucleus
A
Repository of genetic information (Control center of the cell)
18
Q
ER
A
Synthesizes proteins and lipids vis membrane bound ribosomes
19
Q
Golgi
A
- package and sort proteins and lipids (Shipping and receiving of cell)
20
Q
Lysozyme/ vacules
A
Storage sac of digesting enzyme such has hydrolysis (Garbage and recycling center)
21
Q
Mitochondria
A
Chemical energy is released from here to power cell - power house of the cell
22
Q
Endosymbiotic theory
A
Eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotes - ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membrane — 70S ribosomes — contain circular DNA
23
Q
Bacterial shape and config
A
Bacilli (rods) Cocci (sphere) Spirals (spirals)
24
Q
Streptobacillus
A
Chains of bacilli
25
Neisseria gonorrheae.
Diplococcus- two cocci - causes STD known as gonorrheae
26
Micrococcus luteus
Sarcinia-cube of eight cocci - non-pathogenic
27
Streptococcus pyognes
Strept (chain) of coccus - causes strep throat
28
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus (irregular grape like cluster of cocci) - cause staph infection
29
Spirals (types)
- spirilla - spirochetes - vibrios
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Spirillium voluntas
Type of Spirilla — helical, ridged body (looser screw) - use flagella to move
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Treponema pallidum
Type of Spirochete —tighter and more compact cork screw - cause syphillis
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Vibro cholerae
Type of vibrios — curved rods - causes cholera
33
Cytoplasm (bacteria)
Gelatinous soup of protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, salt,ions — all in water
34
Chromosome (bacteria)
Nucleoid - chromosomal region Plasmid - smaller circular chromosome in addition to regular larger chromosome (used to exchange information)
35
Ribosome (bacteria)
70s made up of 30 and 50s Tetracycline prevents the synthesis of...
36
Inclusion body (bacteria)
Storage structure contain: - glycogen, sulfur, lipid
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Metachromaric granules
Contain poly phosphate that stain bacteria like Corynebacterium diphtheriae - which cause disease diptheria
38
dTaP vaccine
Prevents: - diphtheria -tetanus - pertussis (whooping cough)
39
Magnetosome
- special type of inclusion body - contains magnetite - Allows bacteria to orient themselves (in regards to earth magnetic field) and go to their desired habitat
40
Cell membrane (bacteria)
1. Site of ATP synthesis (unlike eukaryotes) 2. Functions in transporting nutrients/waste 3. Anchor DNA during replication (unlike eukaryotes) 4. Site of cell wall synthesis
41
Cell wall (prokaryotes) function
- prevent cells from lysing (due to osmotic stress) - assist with attachment to other cells - target/barrier for selective toxicity
42
Bacteria cell wall
- composed of peptidoglycan - peptidoglycan composed of sugars: NAG and NAM
43
Tetrapeptide cross bridges
- link together chains of NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM - bridge may be covalently Bonded or by short chain of amino acid
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Gram (+)
- one membrane - thick layer of peptidoglycan - contain teichoic acid (running perpendicular) — help give strength and structure of peptidoglycan Stain purple
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Gram (-)
- two membrane — outer membrane: outside of peptidoglycan, contains porins (small channels), LPS Thin layer of peptidoglycan — inner membrane Stain pink
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- project off of cell membrane - contain lipid A and O Lipid A = endotoxins
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Archaea Cell Walls
- Do not have peptidoglycan - Contains variety of specialized polysaccharides and proteins
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Mycobacteria
G+ with an external layer of waxy mycolic acids in their cell wall
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Mycoplasma
- No cell walls, only cell membranes - No peptidoglycan - Smallest bacteria known to cause disease
50
Spores (formed by)
Formed by Clostridium and Bacillus (Gram-positive bacteria) when nutrients are exhausted
51
Spores (features)
- use dipcolinic acid (instead of water) to stabilize protein - allows them to survive in extreme conditions for really long time - spores will grow (become vegetative) as soon as favorable conditions arise
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Glycocalyx
- protein and polysaccharide coat on the outside of prokaryotic cell wall
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Glycocalyx (func)
- Protects against drying out - May prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host - Allows for attachment to surfaces
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Glucocalyx (type)
two types: - capsule = firmly attatched - slime layer = loosely attatched and water soluble
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external structures of prokaryotic cells
- glycocalyx - fibriae (shortest) - pili - flagella - hami
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Pili
- composed of pilin - bacteria have a few per cell - aid in conjugation
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hami
- some archaea make fimbriae-like structure - help archaea attach to surface
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flagella
- responsible for movement - not present in all bacteria
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flagella (major parts)
- basal body (motor) - hook - bends flagella at 90 d angle from basal body - filaments - capable of 360 rotation
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flagellar arrangment
- monotrichous - amphitrichous - lopotrichous - peritrichous
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prokaryotic movement
- phototaxis (follow light) - chemotaxis (follow or avoid chemical concentration)
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NAM
N-acetylmuramic acid (pic)
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NAG
N-acetylglucosamine (pic)
