Lecture 10 - function of white blood cells

Question 1

What are leukocyte

Answer 1

cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders

Question 2

What are leukocyte classified into

Answer 2

granulocytes and agranulocyte

Question 3

What are granulocyte classified into

Answer 3

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 4

What are agranulocyte classified into

Answer 4

lymphocyte and monocytes

Question 5

What happens when there is an infection

Answer 5

the increase of neutrophils

Question 6

What happens when there is a parasite infection

Answer 6

eosinophils increase

Question 7

what is the lifespan of neutrophils

Answer 7

4 - 10h

Question 8

What are the kill mechanism of neutrophil

Answer 8

They will detect for bacteria via receptors on the surface layer

3 ways to kill 
1. Phagocytic-phagolysosome
2. Secretory granules with antibacterial
products
3. NETs-core DNA element immobilize
bacteria

Question 9

how to kill bacteria using Phagocytic-phagolysosome work

Answer 9

taken into the phagolysosome, release predominant lysis

Question 10

how to kill bacteria using Secretory granules with antibacterial
products

Answer 10

they will have secretary granules that release toxic to kill the bacteria

Question 11

how to kill bacteria using NETs-core DNA element immobilize

bacteria

Answer 11

excrete DNA items and capture the bacteria which then brought into the cell and phagocytose

Question 12

What are inside the basophils

Answer 12

ã Contain coarse cytoplasmic granules
ã Histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid, hydrolytic enzymes,
chemotactic factors

Question 13

What are the functions of basophil

Answer 13

ã Major role in allergic and inflammatory reactions
ã Surface receptors for IgE
ã Limited phagocytic and bactericidal activity
ã Predominant source of IL-4 and IL-13
in allergic disease

Question 14

What are the characteristics of eosinophil

Answer 14

ã Contain coarse cytoplasmic granules
ã Major granule proteins: myelin basic protein
ã Life-span is 6-12h in blood & 2-3 days in tissues if
not stimulated

Question 15

Eosinophil function

Answer 15

ã Major role in controlling parasitic infestation
ã Possible roles against bacterial and viral infections
ã Role in allergic responses

Question 16

What is stored performed in cytoplasmic granules of eosinophil

Answer 16

major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein

Question 17

What are the major lipid mediators produced on eosinophil activation

Answer 17

Leukotrienes C4, D4. E4

Question 18

What are the cytokines produced on eosinophil activation

Answer 18

IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-10, RANTES. MIP

Question 19

What does major lipids mediators in eosinophil do

Answer 19

prolonged brochoconstriction, mucus secretion, increased vascular permeability

Question 20

Where are monocyte located

Answer 20

mostly in blood

Question 21

What are the function of macrophage

Answer 21

Macrophage function:
ã Highly phagocytic
• Ingest and kill microbes
• Clearance of damaged dying cells
ã Antigen presenting cells (APC) –
initiate immune response
ã Produce cytokines – signalling and
amplification of immune response

Question 22

What is the function of dentritic cells

Answer 22

ã Arise from monocyte dendritic
precursor
ã APC - activate T cells
ã Present in tissues that are in contact
with the external environment (skin,
intestines )

Question 23

How do innate cells recognise

pathogens?

Answer 23

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) & pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 24

How does PRRs work

Answer 24

expressed by cells of innate
immune system
• Present on macrophages, dendritic cells,
granulocytes, endothelial cells, mucosal epithelial
cells

Question 25

How does PAMPs work

Answer 25

Recognize unique microbial molecules (PAMPs) shared by groups of related microbes not found associated with mammalian cells.

Question 26

What response does PRRs and PAMPs do

Answer 26

inducing innate immunity

Question 27

What differentiates a bacteria by leukocyte

Answer 27

By the bacteria outer layer, eg lipoprotein, flagellin tail

Question 28

What does PAMP usually detects

Answer 28

Bacteria

Question 29

What does PRR usually detects

Answer 29

microbes by binding to pathogen-associated moecular patterns (PAMP)

Question 30

What kind of receptors are there

Answer 30

membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

Question 31

What is an example How does innate cell kill a pathogen

Answer 31

1. Recognize using PRR, binding to something like lipoprotein 2. Result in the neutrophil activation 3. phagocytose the pathogen 4. enzymes like lysosomal enzyme in phagolysosomes or ROS and NO, can be killed using secretary granules as well

Question 32

where does B cells devrived from?

Answer 32

ã Derived from the bone marrow (or Bursa of Fabricius in birds, Ileal Peyer’s patches ruminants )

Question 33

What are B cells for

Answer 33

produce antibodies to attached to viruses, so macrophage can eat them or secretary glands. Against viruses scattered around, not infiltrated

Question 34

What are T cells for

Answer 34

mediated immunity

Question 35

Where do the T cells develop from?

Answer 35

Develop in the thymus & recognize | antigens via their T cell receptor (TCR)

Question 36

What are the 3 subsets of T cells?

Answer 36

§ CD4 “helper” (ab TCR) § CD8 “cytotoxic” (ab TCR) § gd TCR cells

Question 37

What are NK cells for

Answer 37

cytotoxic; cell-mediated, innate immune response

Question 38

How does NK cells kill pathogens

Answer 38

Kill adjacent cells by release of cytotoxic granules and induction of apoptosis

Question 39

What are the classes of lymphocyte

Answer 39

- B lymphocyte - Helper T lymphocyte - Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte - Regulatory T lymphocyte - Natural killer (NK) cell

Question 40

What is the diversity of innate response

Answer 40

enormous

Question 41

What is the specificity of innate response

Answer 41

high

Question 42

What is the specificity of adaptive response

Answer 42

some specificity

Question 43

What is the diversity of adaptive response

Answer 43

some diversity

Question 44

What are the cells in | the adaptive side of the immune system

Answer 44

B cells T cells NK cells

Question 45

What does Cytotoxic T cells do

Answer 45

attack cell/viruses that infiltrated

Question 46

What can activate helper T cell

Answer 46

best one is dentritic cell

Question 47

How does helper T cell work

Answer 47

the receptor (T cell receptor) bind to dentritic cell specific to it. Due to specific immune system

Question 48

What happens when helper T cell get activated?

Answer 48

It start proliferating and some subset of those copies differentiates into effector cell and memory helper T cell

Question 49

What is the use of memory helper T cell

Answer 49

it is produced to attack against similar viruses in the future

Question 50

What does activated effector T cell do

Answer 50

proliferate, release cytokines

Question 51

What does cytokines do

Answer 51

proteins, raising chemical alarm bells, enter cells and multiply the cell. cause cytotoxic

Question 52

What is autoimmune disease

Answer 52

happens when b cells random shuffling a antibody that actually attacks the naturally present cells in the body

Question 53

What can prevent autoimmune disease

Answer 53

To damage the body's healthy cell, both helper T and B cell must have a specific antibody to attach to the cell. There is a very unlikely chance where both cell match the specificity of the body cell.

Question 54

What does MHCII do

Answer 54

it attached the macrophaged remnant from the outside of b cell to it and present itself on the membrane surface. Which then activate the helper T cell

Question 55

What is MHCI for

Answer 55

All cells with nucleus have it, | attaches proteins within cancerous cells and present itself of the membrane surface for cytotoxic T cell to recognize it

Question 56

What happen it Cytotoxic T cell detects a cancerous cell or infected cell

Answer 56

It will start to multiply into memory cell and effector cell(ones that latches on the cell) release hormones like perforins, form gaps in the membrane, cause it to kill itself

Question 57

What is another work for effector B cell

Answer 57

plasma cell

Question 58

What does CD4 positive T cell do

Answer 58

CD4 receptor communicate with MHCII receptor most of the time. Normally callled a helper T cell. Alarm when activated

Question 59

What does CD8 positiveT-cell do

Answer 59

CD8 receptor communicates with MHCI most of the time. Normally called a cytotoxic T cell.