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Cells to systems > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles

A
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A 
• Walls of most viscera,
blood vessels and skin
• Not under conscious control
• Autonomic
• Not striated
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Wall of heart
  • Not under conscious control
  • Autonomic
  • Striated
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • Usually attached to bones
  • Under conscious control
  • Somatic
  • Striated
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5
Q

what are the two broad types of smooth muscle

A
  1. Multiunit

2. Visceral

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6
Q

What is an multiunit type smooth muscle

A 
– represents functionally independent
smooth muscle cells which are often
innervated by a single nerve terminal and
which never contract spontaneously (e.g.
smooth muscle in the walls of blood
vessels).
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7
Q

What are visceral type smooth muscles

A

– represents bundles of smooth muscle cells
connected by GAP junctions, which
contract spontaneously if stretched beyond
a certain limit (e.g. smooth muscle in the
walls of the intestines).

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8
Q

What are the Skeletal muscle consists of very long tubular cells,

A

muscle fibres

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9
Q

Is skeletal muscle fibres single nucleated

A

No, many peripherally placed nuclei

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10
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres usually prepared in

A

cross-striations

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11
Q

What are skeletal muscle innervated/supplied by

A

somatic nervous system

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12
Q

What is voluntary muscle

A

made up of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What is the I-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

actin filaments

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14
Q

What is the A-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

myosin filaments which may overlap with

actin filaments

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15
Q

What is the H-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

zone of myosin filaments only (no overlap

with actin filaments) within the A-band

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16
Q

What is the Z-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A

zone of apposition of actin filaments
belonging to two neighbouring sarcomeres
(mediated by a protein called alpha-actinin)

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17
Q

What is the M-band in contractile apparatus of muscle

A
  • band of connections between myosin

filaments (mediated by proteins, e.g. myomesin, Mprotein).

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18
Q

Where does actin filaments of the last sarcomeres extend to

A

into cytoplasmic specialisations
associated with zonula
adherens-like membrane
specialisations.

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19
Q

What is type 1 of muscle fibre

A 
• Predominantly red muscle
cells.
• Comparatively thin and
contain large amounts of
myoglobin and mitochondria.
• myosin with low ATPase
activity
• Contraction is slow and
sustained. e.g. in the control
of posture.
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20
Q

Is type one muscle fibre contraction fast

A

no

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21
Q

What is type II muscle fibre

A 
• Predominantly found in white
muscles
• Thicker and contain less
myoglobin.
• ATPase activity of the
myosin isoform in white
fibres is high, and
contraction is fast.
• Type IIA fibres (red). Type
IIB/IIX fibres (white) contain
only few mitochondria.
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22
Q

What is type II muscle fibre predominantly found in

A

white muscles

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23
Q

Is contraction of type II muscle fibres fast

A

yes

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24
Q

Is myoglobin abundant in type II muscle fibre

A

no

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25
Is type I or type II muscle fibre thicker
type II
26
What are muscle spindles
are sensory specialization of the muscular tissue.
27
What is musle spindle made of
``` A number of small specialised intrafusal muscle fibres (nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres) are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. ```
28
What happen to the muscle spindle when the muscle is stretched
``` muscle spindle are stretched, sensory nerves are stimulated, and a change in contraction of the muscle is perceived. ```
29
What muscle cell does Cardiac muscle, the myocardium consist of
consists of muscle cells, | cardiomyocytes, with one centrally placed nucleus.
30
Where is the nuclei of cardiomyocyte located
Nuclei are oval, rather pale and located centrally in the muscle cell which is 10 - 15 µm wide.
31
What does cardiac muscle cell exhibit
cross-striation
32
How is cardiac muscle cell excitation mediated
by rhythmically | active modified cardiac muscle cells
33
Why cardiac muscle called involuntary | striated muscle.
Cardiac muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, which adjusts the force generated by the muscle cells and the frequency of the heart beat
34
What is the last Z-line of myofibrils replaced with in the cardiac muscles
the last Z-line of the myofibril within the cell is "replaced" by the intercalated disk of the cell membrane). Extensive GAP junctions.
35
What is Fascia adherens
– Anchor actin to nearest sarcomere
36
What is macula adherens
– desmosome | – Stop separation during contraction
37
What is Gap junction for
– Allow action potentials to spread between | cells
38
What is purkinje fibres for
• Conduct stimuli faster than ordinary cardiac muscle cells (2-3 m/s vs. 0.6 m/s).
39
Where are purkinje fibres located
``` A bundle of Purkinje fibres extends from the atrioventricular node, pierces the fibrous body, divides into left and right bundles, and travels, beneath the endocardium, towards the tip (apex) of the heart. ```
40
Are purkinje fibres thicker than ordinary cardiac muscle cells
yes
41
Are nervous tissue anatomically divided and how
Anatomically divided – central nervous system – peripheral nervous system
42
Where is the central nervous system
• Brain and spinal | cord
43
What are the two major classes of central nervous cells
Two major classes of cells – Neurones – glia
44
What is the shape on neurones
``` – Long processes extending from cell body (perikaryon) – Dendrites receptive surface – Axons one per cell – Emerge from axon hillock – Transmitting proces ```
45
How many axon does each neurones have
one
46
What is the shape of Astrocytes (astroglia)
Astrocytes (astroglia) | – Star shaped cells
47
Where does Astrocytes (astroglia) process contact often with
Processes often in contact with blood vessels
48
What is the role of Astrocytes (astroglia)
– Mechanical and metabolic support – Scar forming cells of CNS
49
What are the types of Glia
* Astrocytes (astroglia) * Oligodendrocytes * Microglia * Ependymal cells
50
What is the characteristics of oligodendrocytes
``` – Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS – May surround several axons ```
51
What is the Characteristics of microglia
– Same derivation as monocytes – Tissue damage they become phagocytic
52
What is the characteristics of epindymal cells
``` – Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord – Often ciliated – Simple cuboidal or low columnar ```
53
How are Epedymal cells organized
– Simple cuboidal or | low columnar
54
What are all the nervous tissue outside brain
``` • It consists of groups of neurones (ganglion cells), called ganglia, feltworks of nerve fibres, called plexuses, and bundles of parallel nerve fibres that form the nerves and nerve roots. ```
55
``` What are Nerve fibres, which originate from neurones within the CNS and pass out of the CNS in cranial and spinal nerves called ```
efferent or | motor fibers.
56
``` What are Nerve fibres which originate from nerve cells outside the CNS but enter the CNS by way of the cranial or spinal nerves called ```
afferent or | sensory nerve fibres.
57
What is a schwann cell
Nerve fibre. Axon and its | nerve sheath.
58
What is the structure that schwann cells forms
``` Schwann cells form a sheath around one axon and surround this axon with several double layers (up to hundreds) of cell membrane. ```
59
What is the reason for the structure of the schwann cells
Insulates the axon, improves its ability to conduct.
60
What is ganglia
aggregations of nerve cells (ganglion cells) outside the CNS
61
What are ganglion cells surrounded by
a layer of flattened satellite cells
62
What many nucleus does smooth muscle have
1
63
Why does M band not shrink
full of protein, which is why its darker
64
What is muscle-tendon junction
position where muscle are tethered to a tendon or bone
65
How many nerve are connected to muscle fibre
1 at a neuromuscular junction
66
does Type IIB/IIX fibres (white) contain few mitochondria.
yes
67
What does intercalated dics tell you
its a cardiac muscle cell
68
What are neurones usually stained as
very light bodies, except when in H&E
69
What can Scar forming cells of | CNS cause
blocking signal transfer, may cause spinal cord injury
70
Where are oligodendrocyte found in forming a myelin sheath around axons
in the central nervous system
71
Where are schwann cells found in forming a sheath around axons
peripheral nervous system
72
Why are the axon insulated
prevent leakage of information

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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