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lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are peptides

A

chains of specific amino acids

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2
Q

What are amines

A

Tyrosine derivatives

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3
Q

What are steroids

A

Cholesterol derivatives

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4
Q

What are Eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid derivatives. Usually
act as autocrine or paracrine signalling molecules, but
can act distally

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5
Q

What hormones are • Insulin, vasopressin, TSH, calcitonin etc

A

Peptides

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6
Q

What hormone are • a) Catecholamines (Adrenal Medulla)
• Adrenalin & noradrenalin
• b) Thyroid hormones
• Thyroxine & triiodothyronine

A

Amines: Tyrosine derivatives

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7
Q

What hormones are • Cortisol, aldosterone, oestrogen,

testosterone etc

A

Steroids:

• Adrenal cortex, gonads & placental hormones

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8
Q

What are the 4 families of eicosanoids

A

—the
prostaglandins, prostacyclins, the thromboxanes
and the leukotrienes

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9
Q

What solubility of peptide hormone

A

Hydrophilic (polar)

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10
Q

What syntheses peptide hormones

A

Rough ER,

Packaged in Golgi complex

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11
Q

Where are peptides stored

A

Secretory granules

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12
Q

How to secrete peptide hormone

A

exocytosis

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13
Q

How are peptide hormones transported

A

Free hormone: soluble

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14
Q

Where are the receptors of the peptide hormones

A

Surface of target cell

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15
Q

What action can peptide hormone cause

A

Ion channel changes or

Second messenger system

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16
Q

What produces insulin

A

Anabolic hormone produced in the pancreatic b

cells in times of excess nutrient availability

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17
Q

What is the main role for insulin

A

Allows the body to use carbohydrates as energy

sources and store nutrients

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18
Q

What does insulin target

A

Liver, muscle, adipose tissue

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19
Q

What are the functions of insulin

A

• Lowers blood glucose levels
• Increases facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
• Increases conversion of glucose into glycogen
(glycogenesis)
• Increases uptake of amino acids and protein
synthesis
• Increases synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis)
• Slows glycogenolysis
• Slows gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

What are some insulin receptor

A

Example of enzyme-linked receptor (tyrosine kinase)

• Tyrosine phosphorylation triggers multiple pathways

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21
Q

What is the most important regulator of insulin secretion

A

glucose

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22
Q

What are all the factors controlling insulin secretion

A 
• -b cells monitor levels of circulating
metabolites
• Glucose
• Leucine & alanine
• Amino acids have little effect in
absence of glucose increase, but they
double insulin release in combination
with glucose
• Neuronal & hormonal
• Parasympathetic stimulation
• CCK (cholecystokinin)
• Gastric hormones stimulate an
‘Anticipatory’ release of insulin
• Other hormones, eg glucagon, growth
hormone, cortisol
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23
Q

What is the major stimulation of adrenalin or epinephrine release (catecholamine)

A

Stress
• Threat, noise, excitement, high
temperature

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24
Q

How are catacholamine synthesized

A

• The catecholamines are synthesised

in sequence from tyrosine

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25
Does catecholamines have negative feedback
No negative feedback loop. Action is stopped mainly by degradation as hormones have a short ½ life
26
What is the solubility of tyrosine
Hydrophilic
27
Where are catecholamine synthesized
Cytosol
28
Where are catacholamine stored
Secretory (Chromaffin) Granules
29
How to secrete catacholamine
Exocytosis
30
How are catecholamine transported
As a Free Hormone and Bound to | Plasma Proteins
31
Where are the receptors for catecholamine
Surface of Target Cell
32
What does the catecholamine activate
Second Messenger System
33
Where are amine hormones produced
thyroid
34
What is the role of amine hormone
Regulate basal metabolic rate
35
What does amine cleaved into
Cleaved to form pro-hormone Thyroxine (T4) & active Triiodothyronine (T3)
36
What is the solubility of amine hormones
``` Lipophilic amines, but polarity of the iodine means active transport is required across cell membranes Lypophilic, but now known to be actively transported into cells by transporters (ATP-dependent carriers) ```
37
Where are amine hormones synthesized
Within large glycoprotein | thyroglobulin
38
Where are amine hormone stored
Stored as thyroglobulin in | colloid follicles
39
How are amine hormone excreted
exocytosis
40
How are amine hormone transported
Mostly bound to Plasma Proteins | thyroxin-binding globulin
41
Where is the receptor of amine hormone
Inside Target Cell
42
What does amine hormone do
direct effect on genes
43
What are the efffect of thyroid hormone
``` 1. Increased metabolic rate 2. Increased oxygen consumption by mitochondria 3. Nutrients 4. Thermogenesis ```
44
How are T3 & T4 secretion regulated
``` negative feedback, • Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) formed in hypothalamus • Response to blood levels T4/T3 • TRH is released into portal veins of hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract • Stimulates thyrotropes to release TSH into blood • TSH stimulates follicular thyroid cells to produce and secrete T3 & T4 • As levels of T3/T4 rise, negative feed back loops reduce synthesis of TRH in hypothalamus (long arm) and release of TSH in the anterior pituitary (short arm) ```
45
What are the prostanoid
prostagladins | thromboxanes
46
What is the function of eicosanoid, Prostaglandins
• vasodilators | regulate blood flow
47
What is the function of eicosanoid, Thromboxane A2
• induces platelet aggregation • promotes vasoconstriction
48
What is the function of eicosanoid, Leukotrienes
* allergy involvement * neutrophil chemo-attractant * vascular permeability
49
Whare are steroid hormone derived from
cholesterol
50
What are some steroid hormones
``` 1) adrenal cortex (cortisol, androgens & aldosterone) 2) ovaries (estrogen and progesterone) 3) testes (testosterone 4) placenta (estrogen and progestero ```
51
Where are steroid stored
Hormones Not Stored, Only Precursor (Cholesterol) Stored Stored (or its derivatives) in lipid droplets within each steroidogenic or
52
How are steroids produced
``` . Produced through a series of enzymatic reactions Cholesterol to pregnenolone (rate limiting step). Each steroidogenic organ can produce only those steroid hormones for which it has a complete set of ```
53
what is the solubility of steroid
lipophilic
54
How are steroid secreted
diffusion
55
How are steroid transported
Mostly Bound to Plasma Proteins
56
Where is the receptor of steroids
Inside of Target Cell
57
What is the action of steroids
Direct Effects on Genes ® Production of New | Proteins
58
What is the function of cortisol
Metabolic Actions Corticosteroids Maintains blood glucose levels during fasting & increases blood glucose during stress
59
What happens when there is an early fasting
``` Cortisol 1. Early fasting - defence against hypoglycaemia. • Increase plasma glucose • Liver Increased glucose output • Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis & lipolysis ```
60
What happens during the late fasting stage
Cortisol | • build up of glycogen stores
61
What Anti-inflammatory actions can cortisol do
Inhibits arachidonic acid production and | prostaglandins
62
How are cortisol regulated
``` • Negative feedback regulation on pituitary and hypothalamus by cortisol • Long feedback loop on hypothalamus by ACTH • Short feedback loop ```
63
Where are oxytocin released
• Released by posterior pituitary Oxytocin receptors are on smooth muscle cells • mammary gland and uterine
64
What is the role in oxytocin
so acts as a neurotransmitter in bra s 1. Promotes milk ejection (milk let down) during lactat oli 2. Uterine contraction during parturition
65
How oxytoxin promote milk ejection
Milk initially secreted into alveoli (sacs) within mammary gland OCT stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells (smooth muscle cells) which surround alveoli
66
How oxytoxin cause uterine contraction
on Important in cervical dilation & uterine contractions After birth maintains haemostasis & evacuation of placenta
67
how oxytocin is regulated
``` Positive Regulation of Oxytocin Secretion 1. Suckling • Neurogenic reflex to hypothalamus 2. Pregnancy and Parturition • Oxytocin receptors in uterus increase late trimester & during labour • Estrogen induced • Uterus stretching - --> more oxytocin released ```
68
What happens when there is a thyroid tumour
• Hyperthyroidism due to thyroid tumour – increased T3 & T
69
What benign pituitary tumour do to cortisol
• Increased cortisol due to benign pituitary tumour – Cushing’s disease
70
What is salbutamol made from
man-made
71
What is the function of salbutamol
Dilates airways May increase heart rate Synthetic molecule
72
What is atropine made from?
Plants
73
What is the function of atropine
``` Dilated pupils attractive Dry mouth, photophobia, hallucinations, death! Deadly Nightshade Atropa Belladonna ```
74
What does drugs affect
chemical & electrical signalling
75
What is agonist
Bind and | activate the receptor
76
What is Antagonists
Bind and DO NOT | activate the receptor
77
What is affinity
A quantifiable measure of the molecular | attraction to the receptor
78
what is pharmacokinetics
What will happen to | the drug in the body?
79
What is pharmacodynamic
``` What effect(s) will the drug have in the body? ```
80
What is dose
• Amount administered – in vitro: dose ~ concentration – in vivo: dose = concentration
81
What is concentration
* Amount in given volume | * Amount at molecular target
82
What is potency
• How much drug is needed for effect – NOT the affinity – NOT the size of the response
83
What is efficacy
Ability of a drug to activate the receptor
84
What does agonist mimic
endogenous molecules
85
What is the role of antagonist
inhibit endogenous molecules
86
What is the therapeutic range
optimise benefit/minimise risk
87
How does Parasympathetic Sympathetic work together
they will try to balance each other

Cells to systems (25 decks)

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