Lecture 11 & 12

Question 1

Sometimes the contrast between two phonemes disappears in certain environments

Answer 1

Neutralization

Question 2

Unstressed vowels in English are often pronounced as _______

Answer 2

[ə] (schwa)

Question 3

all vowels in English have __________ as one of their allophones

Answer 3

[ə]

Question 4

What is the rule we can propose that unstressed vowels
become schwa in English

Answer 4

[V, -stress] > [ə]
* V = “vowel”
* [-stress] = “minus stress” = “unstressed”

Question 5

What are some phonetic classes?

Answer 5

• Vowels vs. consonants
• Non-continuants (stops & affricates) vs.
  continuants
• Obstruents (non-nasal stops, affricates,
  fricatives), vs. Sonorants (everything else)
• Sibilants

Question 6

fricatives & affricates involving the tongue and the upper teeth and postalveolar region

Answer 6

Sibilants

Question 7

What must happen with multiple rules?

Answer 7

rules must be ordered

Question 8

English Plural Formation

Answer 8

For regular English nouns, a plural is formed by adding -S to the word, though there are many other plural forms as well. For instance, it is usually correct to ad -ES to words that end in -S, -SH, -CH, or -X. Words that end with a consonant followed by a -Y take an -IES ending, like ‘‘baby’’ and ‘‘babies.

Question 9

when does the sound [z] happen in English plurals?

Answer 9

after voiced sounds

Question 10

when does the sound [s] happen in English plurals?

Answer 10

after voiceless sounds

Question 11

when does the sound [ɪz] happen in English plurals?

Answer 11

after sibilants

Question 12

what follows a voiceless sound in english plurals?

Answer 12

devoicing

Question 13

What is the ordering for rules for the word “wish”?

Answer 13

wish /wɪʃ/
* Start with /z/ /wɪʃ + z/
* vowel insertion [ˈwɪʃɪz]
* devoicing – [ˈwɪʃɪz]

Question 14

segments

Answer 14

• Phonemes (units in phonology)
• Phones (units in phonetics)

Question 15

Parts of the suprasegmental level:

Answer 15

• Pitch
• Length
• Loudness

Question 16

what is the human mouth and vocal tract are well designed for?

Answer 16

repetitive cycles of opening and
closing

Question 17

Syllable structure

Answer 17

is the organization of sounds into syllables, which are units within words. The structure of a syllable includes an onset, nucleus, and coda

Question 18

Consonants before the nucleus go in the ________

Answer 18

onset

Question 19

Consonants after the nucleus go in the _________

Answer 19

coda

Question 20

The Nucleus and the Coda form a _______________

Answer 20

constituent: the Rime

Question 21

What are the only obligatory parts of the syllable?

Answer 21

rime and nucleus

Question 22

what does it mean by position-sensitive rules?

Answer 22

Some rules apply only to certain positions in the
syllable structure

Question 23

the contrast between
voiced and voiceless consonants is
neutralized in coda position in German

Answer 23

German final devoicing

Question 24

corresponds to the frequency of the sound-wave

Answer 24

Pitch

Question 25

Higher frequency sounds are perceived as __________ pitch

Answer 25

higher

Question 26

How is frequency/pitch varied?

Answer 26

by varying the tension of the vocal folds and the amount of air passing through.

Question 27

In tone languages, how in pitch contrasted?

Answer 27

with respect to word meaning (i.e., it forms minimal pairs)

Question 28

is variation in pitch over an utterance that is not related to word meaning

Answer 28

Intonation

Question 29

Does intonation convey meaning?

Answer 29

YES