Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Linguistics > Lecture 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 & 10 Flashcards

(109 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the Four dimensions for Consonants

A
  • Glottal state
  • Nasality
  • Place
  • Manner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the Three main dimensions for Vowels?

A
  1. Height: high, mid, or low?
    * Also known as: close, mid, open
  2. Backness: front, central, or back?
  3. Lips: rounded or unrounded?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the body of the tongue
vertically?

A

Height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

body of tongue is moved up

A

high height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

resting position for tongue

A

mid height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

body of tongue is moved down

A

low height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of high-height

A

[i] beet [ɪ] bit [u] boot [ʊ] book

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of mid-height

A

[ɛ] bet [ǝ] the, about [ᴧ], [ɔ] bought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of low-height

A

[ӕ] spat, bat [ɑ] spa, bot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the body of the tongue
horizontally?

A

Backness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of backness

A

front, central, back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

front

A

body of the tongue is moved forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Central

A

resting position for body of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Back

A

body of the tongue is moved back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

examples of front vowels

A

[i] beet
[ɪ] bit
[ɛ] bet
[ӕ] bat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of central vowels

A

Schwa: [ǝ] the, about [ɜ]: nurse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of back vowels

A

[u] boot
[ʊ] book
[ɔ] bought, caught
[ɑ], [ɒ] bot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lips are rounded

A

rounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lips are unrounded

A

unrounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are back vowels in English?

A

Only back vowels are rounded in English (only
back high and mid vowels in US English)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is the tongue tensed or not?

A

Tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a more “extreme” gesture (i.e., closer to the
edge of the vowel space)

A

Tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a less extreme gesture (i.e., a little in from the
edge of the vowel space)

A

Lax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examples of tense

A

[i] beet
[u] boot
[ɔ] caught
[ɑ] bot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
examples of lax
[ɪ] bit [ʊ] book [ɛ] bet [ᴧ] but [ǝ] the [ӕ] bat
25
For most varieties of English, only ___________ vowels can appear as the last sound of a word
tense
26
describe the vowel with vowel with features: [i]
high front unrounded tense
27
describe the vowel with vowel with features: [ǝ]
mid central unrounded lax
28
describe the vowel with vowel with features: [ӕ]
low front unrounded lax
29
a vowel that has a single perceived auditory quality.
monophthongs
30
In American English ______ is sometimes combined with a preceding vowel
/r/
31
a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another
Diphthongs
32
What are the different ways in which vowels might "come together"?
* Diphthongs (e.g., “about a boy” /əˈbaʊt ə bɔɪ/) * Two monophthongs next to each other
33
How is stress marked in the IPA?
by putting ' before the stressed syllable
34
can vowels merge?
YES in the vowel system, not in a word/sentence
35
What does speaker variations relate to:
* Region * Education * Social class * Race
36
Even the same speaker varies in how they pronounce things, what is this called?
stylistic variation
37
What does inter-speaker variation depend on?
phonetic context
38
what is learning to ignore systematic differences apart of?
Acquisition
39
In Thai, what is the role of aspiration?
Aspirated vs unaspirated stops can make the distinction between entirely different words
40
what is the goal of phonology?
- Figure out what distinctions people pay attention to in different languages. - Figure out the unconscious rules that people use to pronounce the sounds they don’t pay attention to
41
are the discrete units of phonology (a combinatorial system)
phonemes
42
the sounds that you can’t ignore
phonemes
43
different variations of the same phoneme (a single speech sound unit) that do not change the meaning of a word
allophones ([p] and [pʰ] (Aspirated vs. Unaspirated)
44
English has no ________ vowel phonemes
nasal
45
what allophones is /æ/ in? what is it recognized as?
wo allophones [æ] and [æ̃ ]; can be realized phonetically as nasal or oral
46
are two words that have different meanings, but differ in only one sound
minimal pairs
47
Since the difference between the sounds is meaningful, how should sounds be treated?
the sounds must be treated as different in the language
48
distinguish distinct meaningful units (morphemes)
phonemes
49
variants of phonemes
allophones
50
are minimal pairs allophones or phonemes?
phonemes
51
nasal vowels in English are always followed by ________ consonants
nasal
52
the default form is the one that occurs in the most varied environments
the default allophone
53
Vowels become nasal when they precede a ________ consonant
nasal
54
rules of pronounciation
- determine the default allophone - write the rule in words - write the rule in symbols
55
>
'becomes'
56
[+nasal]
plus nasal” = nasal
57
/
'when the change happens'
58
__ [+nasal]
Environment that causes the change * Underlining defines position where change takes place * before nasal sounds
59
Oral and nasal vowel variants are in _____________.
complementary distribution
60
Unrelated sounds in complementary distribution are not usually considered ______________.
allophones
61
A sound takes on features of a neighboring sound.
assimilation
62
Mostly driven by listeners assuming assimilation and “undoing” it
dissimilation
63
Describe the consonant sound [t]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: stop
64
Describe the consonant sound [d]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: stop
65
Describe the consonant sound [n]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: nasal place: alveolar manner: nasal
66
Describe the consonant sound [s]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: Fricative
67
Describe the consonant sound [z]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: Fricative
68
Describe the consonant sound [ɾ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: tap/flap
69
Describe the consonant sound [r]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: trill
70
Describe the consonant sound [ɹ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: approximant
71
Describe the consonant sound [l]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: alveolar manner: lateral approximant
72
Describe the consonant sound [ʃ] ("sh")
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: postalveolar manner: fricative
73
Describe the consonant sound [ʒ] ("zh" in measure)
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: postalveolar manner: fricative
74
Describe the consonant sound [tʃ] ("ch")
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: postalveolar manner: affricate
75
Describe the consonant sound [dʒ] (the dge part in judge)
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: postalveolar manner: affricate
76
Describe the consonant sound [c]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: stop
77
Describe the consonant sound [ɟ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: stop
78
Describe the consonant sound [ɲ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: nasal place: palatal manner: nasal
79
Describe the consonant sound [ç]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: fricative
80
Describe the consonant sound [ʝ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: fricative
81
Describe the consonant sound [j] ("y" in yes)
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: approximant
82
Describe the consonant sound [ʎ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: palatal manner: lateral approximant
83
Describe the consonant sound [k]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: velar manner: stop
84
Describe the consonant sound [g]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: velar manner: stop
85
Describe the consonant sound [ŋ] ("ng")
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: nasal place: velar manner: nasal
86
Describe the consonant sound [x] ("loch")
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: velar manner: fricative
87
Describe the consonant sound [ɣ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: velar manner: fricative
88
Describe the consonant sound [ɰ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: velar manner: approximant
89
Describe the consonant sound [ʟ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: velar manner: lateral approximant
90
Describe the consonant sound [ʔ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: glottal manner: stop
91
Describe the consonant sound [h]
Glottal state/voicing: voiceless Nasality: oral place: glottal manner: fricative
92
Describe the consonant sound [ɦ]
Glottal state/voicing: voiced Nasality: oral place: glottal manner: fricative
93
Describe the vowel symbol [i] ("see" /siː/)
Height: High/close Backness: front Lips: unrounded
94
Describe the vowel symbol [ɪ] ("bit" /bɪt/)
Height: high/close Backness: front Lips: unrounded
95
Describe the vowel symbol [u] ("goose" /ɡuːs/)
Height: High/close Backness: back Lips: rounded
96
Describe the vowel symbol [ʊ] ("foot" /fʊt/)
Height: High/close Backness: back Lips: rounded
97
Describe the vowel symbol [ɛ] ("dress" /drɛs/)
Height: mid Backness: front Lips: unrounded
98
Describe the vowel symbol [ə] ("sofa" /ˈsoʊfə/ (schwa, unstressed))
Height: mid Backness: central Lips: unrounded
99
Describe the vowel symbol [ʌ] ("strut" /strʌt/)
Height: mid Backness: central Lips: unrounded
100
Describe the vowel symbol [ɔ] ("thought" /θɔːt/)
Height: mid Backness: back Lips: rounded
101
examples of diphthongs (Gliding Vowels)
[aɪ aʊ ɔɪ eɪ oʊ]
102
Describe the vowel symbol [æ] ("trap" /træp/)
Height: open/ low Backness: front Lips: unrounded
103
Describe the vowel symbol [ɑ] ("palm" /pɑːm/)
Height: open/ low Backness: back Lips: unrounded
104
Describe the vowel symbol [aɪ] ("price" /praɪs/)
Height: low to high Backness: front Lips: unrounded
105
Describe the vowel symbol [aʊ] ("mouth" /maʊθ/)
Height: low to high Backness: front/central, moves to back Lips: unrounded, becomes rounded
106
Describe the vowel symbol [ɔɪ] ("choice" /ʧɔɪs/)
Height: mid to high Backness: starts back, moves to front Lips: rounded, becomes unrounded
107
Describe the vowel symbol [eɪ] ("face" /feɪs/)
Height: mid to high Backness: front Lips: unrounded
108
Describe the vowel symbol [oʊ] ("goat" /ɡoʊt/)
Height: mid to high Backness: back Lips: rounded

Linguistics (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions