Lecture 11 Flashcards
What is a group of female pigs with their offspring called?
1 pt
a sounder
What are the different forms of group living among domesticated species?
3 pt
- Pigs: femalegroup, male group or solitary
- Horses: harems, bachelor herds
- Sheep: ewe flocks, seasonal male flocks
What is the difference between wild and feral?
1 pt
wild: never been domesticated
feral: been domesticated but let back into wild (pigs, horses)
What are the soay sheep on St.Kilda?
6 pt
- island off the coast of Scotland
- 1,000 sheep
- most primitive form of domestic sheep, arrived around 4,000 years ago
- went feral 1,000 years ago
- Ewe flocks with infant and juvenile offspring, on home ranges, groups and range are consistant, form small sub-groups for grazing
- Rams disperse and form small groups, establish home range, disband during breeding (rut)
What is the usask feral horse research?
3 pt
- Sable Island ponies - around 400 horses (herd size increasing) in Nova Scotia
- linked to growing grey seal population - hunting from humans decreased
- horses benefit because seals fertilize the grass
What are the differences and similarities between domestic and wild animals?
2 pt
Domestication of farm species happened 10,000 to 15,000 years ago (short)
Differences: smaller brains, less active, reduced alarm responses, more socially tolerant
Similarities: same basic social characteristics are found, threshold or frequency of behaviours may change
How does natural selection operate on genetic difference for behaviour to evolve?
3 pt
- there must be behavioural variation within the population
- the differences must be heritable - some of the variation must be genetic in orgin
- some behavioural variations will confer greater reproductive success
What determines success in evolutionary terms?
2 pt
- survival
- reproduction
Differences between Suffolk and Blackface sheep formaternal behaviour?
8 pt
Suffolk:
* required more assistance
* abandoned more lambs
* more aggressive
* withdrew more often from lambs
Blackface (wild type):
* shorter labour
* more grooming
* cooperated more during suckling attempts
* lower lamb mortality
What is the diagram with social interactions according to the cost to actor and receiver?
4 pt
- When both benefit (+/+) = cooperation/mutualism
- When it cost the actor, benefits receiver (-/+) = altruism
- When it benefits actor, costs receiver (+/-) = selfish
- When it costs them both (-/-) = spite
What are the theories explaining cooperation?
3 pt
Kin selection
* inclusive fitness theory
Reciprocal altruism
* generosity - I give you something today, you give me something another day
Multi-level (group) Selection
* Some selection occurs at group level
* There is strength in diversity
What is kin selection?
2 pt
- Individuals can reproduce directly, or indirectly by aiding relatives (still helping gene pool)
- group living is facilitated by cooperation between individuals - increase genetic contribution by assisting with the success of relatives
- ex. wolves: others in pack will help raise pups
What is Hamilton’s Rule in relatedness?
1 pt
c < r x b
* c = cost (actor)
* b = benefit (recipient)
* r = degree of relatedness
shows how much you’re willing to help someone based on how closely related you are
Why would non-relatives cooperate?
2 pt
Reciprocal altruism:
* alternating benefits - long term relationships (I help you, expect something in return)
Multi-level selection:
* groups that cooperateoutcompete those that don’t
What are the costs and benefits of social groups?
6 pt
Benefits:
* thermal
* foraging
* predation
Costs:
* contamination
* competition
* conspicuous
