Lecture 11

Question 1

What are the three rock types?

Answer 1

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 2

What is igneous rock?

Answer 2

Rocks formed by solidification of molten magma. These can be found on the earths surface or under the surface

Question 3

What are the two types of igneous rock?

Answer 3

Intrusive igneous rock: Rock inside or under the earths surface

Extrinsic igneous rock: rock formed on the outside of the earths surface

Question 4

What is denudation?

Answer 4

Wearing down of a landmass that can expose an intrusive igneous rock

Question 5

What is weathering?

Answer 5

The breakdown of rock by physical, chemical and biological ways

Question 6

What do subduction zones do?

Answer 6

Bring rock back to the mantle

Question 7

What are the four measures of geologic time?

Answer 7

Eons, eras, period and epochs

Question 8

What is the order from longest to shortest geologic time measurements

Answer 8

Eons > eras > period > epoch

Question 9

What is uniformitarianism?

Answer 9

Landforms on the earths surface are caused by slow geomorphic processes not sudden events

Question 10

What is catastrophism?

Answer 10

Sudden events shaping modern landforms

Question 11

True or False:

Catastrophism and uniformitarianism are very similar theories

Answer 11

False they are opposite

Question 12

What theory is evolution based on?

Answer 12

Uniformitarianism

Question 13

What is sedimentary rock?

Answer 13

Formed by the burial, compression and chemical modification of deposited weathered debris

Question 14

What is a metamorphic rock?

Answer 14

Heat or pressure physically or chemically changing a rock.

Question 15

What are rocks made up of?

Answer 15

Elements

Question 16

What are the four types of igneous rock? And an example of each. And name one rock that is the exception

Answer 16

Felsic: granite
Mafic: basalt
Intermediate: andesite 
Ultramafic: peridotite 
Exception: obsidian

Question 17

Give a two examples of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 17

Conglomerate and sandstone

Question 18

What are two examples of metamorphic rock?

Answer 18

Slate and shale

Question 19

What are the three layers of the earth?

Answer 19

core, mantle, crust

Question 20

What two elements make up the earths core?

Answer 20

Iron and nickel

Question 21

What defines the two sections of the earths core?

Answer 21

Inner core is solid

Outer core is liquid

Question 22

What is the origin of all rocks?

Answer 22

Magma.

Question 23

What differs the asthenosphere from the rest of the mantle?

Answer 23

It is the upper portion of the mantle that is made of more ridges rocks

Question 24

What type of rock is the upper mantle made up off?

Answer 24

Ultramafic igneous rock

Question 25

How does the lower mantle move?

Answer 25

As a hot plastic

Question 26

What is the lithosphere?

Answer 26

Includes crust and upper most portion of the mantle and it glides over the rest of the mantle. This is the location where earthquakes volcanoes and continental drift.

Question 27

What are the two types of crust?

Answer 27

Oceanic which is thinner and continental which is thicker

Question 28

Define isostacy.

Answer 28

The rising and sinking of tectonic plates due to weight distributed on a point. Glaciers have this affect on tectonic plates making them sink, then in a delayed reaction once the ice melts the plates rebound.

Question 29

What are four pieces of evidence supporting continental drift?

Answer 29

Fossils, paleoclimatic regions, puzzle piece fit, rock and mountain ranges.

Question 30

What pushed the continents apart?

Answer 30

Oceanic ridges.

Question 31

What is older continental crust or oceanic crust?

Answer 31

Continental crust, because oceanic crust moves quickly into subduction zones refreshing every 200 million years

Question 32

Define a dyke.

Answer 32

Thin vertical veins of igneous rock that cool, lots of minerals

Question 33

What is a sill?

Answer 33

Planes of solidified magma

Question 34

Define batholith.

Answer 34

Plutonic masses of intrusive rock

Question 35

What is a volcanic pipe?

Answer 35

Dyke reaching the surface

Question 36

Name four crustal formation processes.

Answer 36

Dyke Sill Batholith Volcanic pipe

Question 37

Define a mountain.

Answer 37

An area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region. Mountains form in belts from hotspots. Some can be of volcanic origin or can form underwater

Question 38

Name four types of folds.

Answer 38

Monocline: slight bend in parallel lines Anticline: upward fold Syncline: downward fold Recumbent: folded centres turned horizontal

Question 39

Name the four types of faults.

Answer 39

Normal, reverse, graben, Horst

Question 40

What are the four models of landform development.

Answer 40

Structural landforms, weathering landforms, erosional landforms, depositional landforms.

Question 41

What are structural landforms?

Answer 41

Created by large quantity hardening of magma or large movements due to plate tectonics Examples: shield, fold mountains, rift valleys, volcanoes

Question 42

How are weathering landforms created?

Answer 42

By physical, chemical and biological weathering Examples: karst, patterned ground, soil profiles

Question 43

How are erosional landforms created?

Answer 43

Formed by the removal of sediment by wind water and glaciers or gravity Examples: river valleys, glacial valleys, costal cliffs

Question 44

How are depositional landforms created?

Answer 44

Formed by deposited sediments, these can be altered by heat, pressure or chemicals

Question 45

What is a polygenic landform?

Answer 45

When a landforms falls into multiple categories

Question 46

What initially formed earths atmosphere?

Answer 46

Volcanic activity

Question 47

True or False: | The earths core is magnetic.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

What has the most volume, the core, the mantle or the crust?

Answer 48

Mantle

Question 49

What are the three geological processes?

Answer 49

Solidification: igneous Metamorphic: metamorphic Lithification: sedimentary

Question 50

Name the six geological provinces.

Answer 50

``` Shield Platform Orogen Basin Large igneous province Extended continental crust ```

Question 51

What are the three types of plate boundary?

Answer 51

Divergent Convergent Transform

Question 52

What is a divergent plate boundary?

Answer 52

A constructive boundary where the plates move apart

Question 53

What is a convergent plate boundary?

Answer 53

Destructive boundary where plates come together

Question 54

What is a transform plate boundary?

Answer 54

Plates sliding past one another