lecture 11 - colour

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

conversion of external stimuli into electrochemical signals in our brain. Through evolution, organisms have evolved sensor mechanisms to process these signals (senses)

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

How these electrochemical signals are interpreted and represented

Question 3

what are the dimensions of colour?

Answer 3

hue, saturation, brightness

Question 4

hue

Answer 4

the property that we normally use to describe colour, like blue, green and red

Question 5

saturation

Answer 5

corresponds to how intensely the hue is expressed

Question 6

brightness

Answer 6

the percieved amount of light reaching your eye

Question 7

Ewald Hering 1892

Answer 7

proposed the opponent-process theory in colour vision to explain that colour perception is not simply a matter of cone receptors summating their responses, but that there are in fact 3 opponent dimensions that produce colour vision.

Question 8

Isaac Newton 1672

Answer 8

white light was a combination of all colours, and all colours can be combined to generate new ones (additive mixing)

Question 9

additive colour mixing

Answer 9

Light energy is increased when the two sources are combined

Question 10

three primary colours can be used to create most colours

Answer 10

yellow, red and blue

Question 11

secondary colours

Answer 11

orange, violet and green

Question 12

tertiary colours

Answer 12

yellow orange, red orange, red violet, blue violet, blue green and yellow green

Question 13

subtractive colour mixing

Answer 13

light energy is reduced when two sources are combined

Question 14

Chevreuil 1839

Answer 14

noticed that colours appeared different depending on what colour surrounded them. he developed the theory of “Simultaneous colour contrast”

Question 15

Granzier and Valsecchi 2014

Answer 15

the same scene looks very different at different times of day, but we still recognise that the true colours of the objects have not changed

Question 16

Wallach 1948

Answer 16

found that colours (including brightness) is percieved in relation to their surroundings

Question 17

Wallach 1948 study

Answer 17

1. Present participants with reference where surrounding colour is 3x as bright as the central patch
2. Asked participants to adjust the central patch to match reference central patch
3. Participants do not select the identical shade
4. They picked the shade that was a third of the brightness of the surround

Question 18

Nascimenta and Foster 1997 and Foster 2011

Answer 18

suggested that the difference and ratios in excitation between cone types enable us to perceive colours as being stable despite lighting conditions

Question 19

Hulbert 2007

Answer 19

suggests that adaptation, knowledge of colour objects and memory of colours also come into play

Question 20

Bramao et al 2011

Answer 20

showed that colour is important for object recognition, especially in terms of diagnosticity

Question 21

colour information triggers…

Answer 21

The recognition of objects from our long-term visual memory

Question 22

objects in our memory…

Answer 22

Are stored in their typical colour format, so colour deviations can be used as a diagnostic tool

Question 23

Dael et al 2016

Answer 23

showed that we associate certain colours with certain emotions. They showed participants videos of expressing happiness or panic

Question 24

red/yellow

Answer 24

appropriate for joy

Question 25

cyan/bluish

Answer 25

appropriate for fear

Question 26

Jonauskaite et al 2020

Answer 26

examined emotion-colour associations using colour terms or patches

Question 27

what emotions is red suitable for

Answer 27

positive/negative emotions - love, anger, hate

Question 28

what emotions is blue, white and pink suitable for

Answer 28

positive emotions

Question 29

pink

Answer 29

joy, love, pleasure

Question 30

brow

Answer 30

disgust

Question 31

Black

Answer 31

associated with almost all negative emotions (sadness, guilt and regret). Colour words are more than a colour label and can carry deeper/stronger associations

Question 32

Valdez and Mehrabian 1994

Answer 32

demonstrated that police found bright and saturated colours more pleasurable, and saturation was directly correlated to physiological arousal

Question 33

Babin et al 2003

Answer 33

examined the effects of cool (blue) vs warm (orange) interiors on shopping behaviour. blue = bright lights = higher prices, fairness perceptions orange = soft lights = higher prices, fairness perceptions

Question 34

what did Babin 2003 show

Answer 34

when lights are bright, a cool setting is more effective in eliciting purchase behaviour

Question 35

Wang 2020

Answer 35

warm incandescent light increased appetite compared to cool colours