Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

201 cognitive psychology > lecture 16 - hearing > Flashcards

lecture 16 - hearing Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how can sound waves be defined by?

A

frequency, amplitude and phase - phyical properties that can affect the experience of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frequency

A

the number of cycles of a sound wave per second. measured in Hertz (Hz). 1Hz = 1 wave cycle. relates to the psychological experience of pitch but it is not the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

low frequencies

A

generally sound low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

high frequencies

A

generally sound high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

amplitude

A

corresponds to the amoint of change in pressure created by sound. it related to the psychological experience of loudness but it is not the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phase

A

one complete cycle of a wave spans 360 degrees. 0 and 180 are resting levels, 90 is max pressure and 270 is min pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

phase can be used to compare two waves

A

use the distance between their starting points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pure tones

A

a sine wave sound with a single frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

complex sounds

A

are a large collection of sample sine waves that are added together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pure tones vs complex sounds

A

these component simple sine waves could have different frequencies, amplitudes and phases –> fourier analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fourier analysis

A

the complex wave presented can be broken down into sine wave components. you can present all waves in terms of time or frequency domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sounds with time of the x-axis

A

you can see how different sine waves add up in time to achieve the complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sound waves with frequency on the x-axis

A

the focus is on the frequency and amplitude of each sine waves making up the complex shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

harmonics

A

the pure sine-wave components of complex sounds are called harmonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sounds fundamental frequency/first harmonic

A

the lowest sinusoidal frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

overtones

A

the other sinusoidal components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

harmonics are described in relation to the

A

fundamental’s frequency X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

not all sounds are continuous like a sinusoidal wave

A

but even clicks and tone burst can be broken down into different frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

noise cancellation

A

when you add two waves that are 180 degrees out of phase, you can cancel them out. noise cancellation devises measure the sounds from the environment and creates counter pressure to nullify the noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pitch

A

simple and complex waves can create the perceptual experience of pitch. this is the attribute of a sound that can be ordered on a scale from low to high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pitch vs frequencies

A

the pitch of a complex tone can be determines by the fundamental frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

missing fundamental

A

when a wave is missing. pitch not only related to the frequency components of complex sounds but also to the relationship between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

loudness

A

another perceptual experience and it corresponds to how intense something sounds. 20 micropascals is required for human hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sound pressure level

Study These Flashcards
A

sound pressure level is a scale that is logarithmic, and can more easily be used to compare sound level differences

25
amplitude measurement
dB = 20 log (P1/P0)
26
P1 and P0
P1 = another sound P0 = 20 micropascals
27
minimum audible field (MAF)
can measure loudness sensitivity by presenting different frequencies at different pressure levels and recording the minimum pressure required for you to just hear the frequency. MAF measures the sensitivity of both ears
28
minimum audible pressure (MAP)
place a tiny microphone inside the ear cannal and check what pressure level is required for you to hear it. MAP measures the sensitivity of one ear
29
why is there increased sensitivity for MAF
becuase 2 ears are more sensitive than 1 ear
30
what do you not benefit from using MAP
you are measuring MAP inside the ear canal by the eardrum, so you do not benefit from the resonance created by the pinna and ear canal as when you measure MAF
31
loudness is related to the amplitude of the sound wave, they are not the same
this is because the intensity of sound waves with identical amplitudes can still sound different depending on their frequency
32
range of frequencies to which humans are most sensitive
2-4 kHz - corrresponds to the speech band
33
binaural disparity is called the interaural intensity difference
the sound source will be more intense at the ear located nearest the source. heafs acts as a dense barrier where the transmission of sound is compromised
34
interaural time difference
figure out the lcoation of a sound from the time difference it reaches each ear
35
if the sound pressure is straight ahead...
the air pressure will reach both ears at the same time
36
if the sound pressure is located more to the left or right...
the air pressure will reach the nearer ear first
37
as the frequency of sound increases...
it becomes more difficult to determine which phase in the left ear matches the right
38
minimum audible angle (MAA)
the smallest difference of position of a sound sources which the listener can detect. MAA is smallest for sources straight ahead at around 1 degree for frequencies around 1Hz
39
MAA is smallest when...
the sound is directly infront of you, as the sound source moves into the periphery, MAA increases
40
phonemes
basic, abstract unit of phonological analysis and it is often defined as the smallest phonetic unit that can distinguish the meaning of words. two types - vowels and consonants
41
spectrogram
graph with frequency on the Y-axis. presenting complex sounds with amplitude or frequency on the Y-axis and time of the X-axis
42
traditional view of speech perception
speech is a linear sequence of discrete and invariant acoustic patterns
43
linear sequence
serial transmission of information
44
discrete
units are distinct from one another
45
invariant
the symbols are always the same
46
problems with the traditional view
phonemes are not produced in isolation (not discrete), sounds blend into one another and acoustic information is smeared between segments
47
coarticulation
when we speak, we do not pronounce each phoneme separately
48
segmentation problem
where do words start and end
49
segmentation problem - top-down processing
our knowledge about grammar/words enable us to figure out when words begin and end
50
formants
different clusters that have high amplitudes
51
factors that can affect the properties of speech
speaking style and prosody, speaker identity and acoustics of the environment
52
how do we understand speech?
categorical perception, using what we know (top-down) and using as many cues as possible
53
categorical perception (CP)
when your brain takes in continuous and variable stimuli and sorts them into distinct categories
54
identification of sounds is helped by phonological knowledge
top-down mechanism. when someothing is not clear, you can make a slip of the ear. listeners know what to expect in terms of phonotactics. there are rules on how sounds are combined
55
mental lexicon
words are stored in our mental lexicon, it helps us to identify speech sounds
56
phonemic restoration
an auditory illusion where listeners perceive a phoneme in a word, even though the signal is absent or masked by another sound
57
Warren 1970
removed the first "s" in "legislature" and inserted a cough of the same duration in its place. when the clips were played, participants claimed to her the missing "s" clearly
58
Warren and Warren 1970
presented ps with 4 audio clips with a sound missing. subjects reported to be unaware that a sound was missing. when prompted to guess which sounds were missing, they were unable to do so

201 cognitive psychology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions