Lecture 12

Question 1

A key feature of an effective vaccine is that it should ____.

Answer 1

not harm the host

Question 2

Vaccination should also not require ____ to achieve protection.

Answer 2

many boosters

Question 3

An effective commercial vaccine should not harm the person being vaccinated. It should, however, stimulate ____.

Answer 3

B cell (antibody) and T-cell responses.

Question 4

Passive immunity is a type of immunotherapy where ____.

Answer 4

preformed antibodies are administered to the patient

Question 5

Examples of passive immunity do not include ____.

Answer 5

injection of a weakened pathogen

Question 6

Amyloid deposits form in which of the following cancers?

Answer 6

multiple myeloma

Question 7

Because multiple myeloma develops in the ____, plasma cells multiplying to large numbers and continue to make and secrete incomplete ____.

Answer 7

bone marrow; antibodies

Question 8

An example of a primary immunodeficiency is ____.

Answer 8

DiGeorge syndrome

X-SCID or Bare Lymphocyte as well

Question 9

Primary immunodeficiencies have a genetic basis usually manifest in ____.

Answer 9

Early childhood

Question 10

____ causes a defect in the development of the thymus and parathyroid glands.

Answer 10

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 11

B-cell deficiencies are the most common immunodeficiencies. They include all of the following EXCEPT ____.

Answer 11

bare lymphocyte syndrome

BLS lacks MHC II, so never activates Th0, and therefore never activates B cells

Question 12

Bare lymphocyte syndrome is a rare disease caused by a failure to express ____ molecules on antigen-presenting cells.

Answer 12

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II

Question 13

Bare lymphocyte syndrome produces severe defect in ___ and ___ immunity.

Answer 13

cellular and humoral

Question 14

Cancer, or a neoplasm, is defined as ____.

Answer 14

a new growth of abnormal cells

Question 15

Epinephrine is used to treat which type of hypersensitivity?

Answer 15

type I

Question 16

Epinephrine works to prevent ____ of the mast cells and ultimately prevents the release of the chemical mediators histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

Answer 16

degranulation

Question 17

These are released in type I hypersensitivities.

Answer 17

histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

Question 18

Hypersensitivities are triggered by a(n) ____.

Answer 18

allergen

Question 19

In most severe combined immunodeficiencies, the deficiency is caused by a lack of ____.

Answer 19

T-cells

Question 20

Most severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are characterized by a lack of ___. However, B-cells and natural killer (NK) cell numbers can also be low, high, or even normal.

Answer 20

T-cells

Question 21

Monoclonal antibodies originate from ____.

Answer 21

a single antibody-producing B-cell clone

Question 22

Type II hypersensitivities start with antibody binding to ____.

Answer 22

cell-surface antigens (such as red blood cells)

Question 23

What is the main cause of organ rejection?

Answer 23

T-cells recognize and bind to allotypic MHC proteins on cells

Question 24

Which assay can be used in blood typing?

Answer 24

agglutination

Question 25

Which assay can be used to measure the amount of IgA in a patient's serum?

Answer 25

radial immunodiffusion assay

Question 26

Which hypersensitivity is triggered by antigen-specific T cells?

Answer 26

type IV

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding herd immunity?

Answer 27

it occurs when a large portion of the population is vaccinated

Question 28

Which of the following vaccine types uses live but weakened pathogen to achieve vaccination?

Answer 28

attenuated

Question 29

Amyloid deposits form in which of the following cancers?

Answer 29

multiple myeloma

Question 30

Type II hypersensitivities start with antibody binding to _____.

Answer 30

cell surface antigens

Question 31

Type ___ hypersensitivity requires sensitization of mast cells with IgE.

Answer 31

Type I

Question 32

Type ___ hypersensitivities result from antibodies binding to antigens on cells and initiating cytotoxic responses

Answer 32

Type II

Question 33

Type ___ hypersensitivities result from formation and accumulation of immune complexes in tissues

Answer 33

Type III

Question 34

Type ___ hypersensitivities are not mediated by antibodies, but by helper T-cell activation of macrophages, eosinophils, and cytotoxic T cells.

Answer 34

Type IV

Question 35

Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by

Answer 35

genetic abnormalities

Question 36

____ are acquired through disease, diet, or environmental exposures.

Answer 36

secondary immunodeficiencies

Question 37

____ may result from flaws in phagocyte killing of innate immunity, or impairment of T cells and B cells

Answer 37

Primary immunodeficiencies

Question 38

____ result from environmentally induced defects in B cells and/or T cells.

Answer 38

Secondary immunodeficiencies

Question 39

Causes for ____ include malnutrition, viral infection, diabetes, prolonged infections, and chemical or radiation exposure.

Answer 39

secondary immunodeficiencies

Question 40

Which of the following is the type of cell largely responsible for type I hypersensitivity responses? A) erythrocyte B) mast cell C) T lymphocyte D) antibody

Answer 40

B) mast cell

Question 41

Type I hypersensitivities require which of the following initial priming events to occur? A) sensitization B) secondary immune response C) cellular trauma D) degranulation

Answer 41

A) sensitization

Question 42

Which of the following are the main mediators/initiators of type II hypersensitivity reactions? A. antibodies B. mast cells C. erythrocytes D. histamines

Answer 42

A. antibodies

Question 43

Inflammatory molecules are released by mast cells in type I hypersensitivities; type II hypersensitivities, however, are characterized by which of the following? A. cell lysis (cytotoxicity) B. strong antibody reactions against antigens C. leukotriene release upon stimulation D. localized tissue reactions, such as hives

Answer 43

A. cell lysis (cytotoxicity)

Question 44

An immune complex is an aggregate of which of the following? A. antibody molecules B. antigen molecules C. antibody and antigen molecules D. histamine molecules

Answer 44

C. antibody and antigen molecules

Question 45

Which of the following is a common treatment for type III hypersensitivity reactions? A. anti-inflammatory steroid treatments B. antihistamine treatments C. hyposensitization injections of allergens D. RhoGAM injections

Answer 45

A. anti-inflammatory steroid treatments

Question 46

Which of the following induces a type III hypersensitivity? A. release of inflammatory molecules from mast cells B. accumulation of immune complexes in tissues and small blood vessels C. destruction of cells bound by antigens D. destruction of cells bound by antibodies

Answer 46

B. accumulation of immune complexes in tissues and small blood vessels

Question 47

Which one of the following is not an example of a type IV hypersensitivity? A. latex allergy B. Contact dermatitis (e.g., contact with poison ivy) C. a positive tuberculin skin test D. hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 47

D. hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of an organ specific autoimmune disease? A. rheumatoid arthritis B. psoriasis C. Addison disease D. myasthenia gravis

Answer 48

C. Addison disease

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of a systemic autoimmune disease? A. Hashimoto thyroiditis B. type I diabetes mellitus C. Graves disease D. myasthenia gravis

Answer 49

D. myasthenia gravis

Question 50

Which of the following is a genetic disease that results in lack of production of antibodies? A. agammaglobulinemia B. myasthenia gravis C. HIV/AIDS D. chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 50

A. agammaglobulinemia

Question 51

Which of the following is a genetic disease that results in almost no adaptive immunity due to lack of B and/ or T cells? A. agammaglobulinemia B. severe combined immunodeficiency C. HIV/AIDS D. chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 51

B. severe combined immunodeficiency

Question 52

All but which one of the following are examples of secondary immunodeficiencies? ``` A. HIV/AIDS B. malnutrition C. chronic granulomatous disease D. immunosuppression due to measles infection ```

Answer 52

C. chronic granulomatous disease

Question 53

Cancer results when a mutation leads to which of the following? A. cell death B. apoptosis C. loss of cell-cycle control D. shutdown of the cell cycle

Answer 53

C. loss of cell-cycle control

Question 54

Tumor antigens are _______ that are inappropriately expressed and found on abnormal cells. A. self antigens B. foreign antigens C. antibodies D. T-cell receptors

Answer 54

A. self antigens

Question 55

Antibodies involved in type I hypersensitivities are of the ____ class immunoglobulin.

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

Allergy shots work by shifting antibody | responses to produce ____ antibodies.

Answer 56

IgG

Question 57

The itchy and blistering rash that develops with contact to poison ivy is caused by a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 57

type IV

Question 58

For a transplant to have the best chances of avoiding rejection, the genes coding for the _____ molecules should be closely matched between donor and recipient

Answer 58

MHC

Question 59

Diseases due to _____ abnormalities are termed primary immunodeficiencies

Answer 59

genetic

Question 60

A secondary immunodeficiency is _____, | rather than genetic

Answer 60

acquired

Question 61

Examples of primary immunodeficiencies include:

Answer 61

chronic granulomatous disease, agammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency, and severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

Question 62

genetic disorder resulting in impaired function of B cells and T cells

Answer 62

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

Question 63

primary immunodeficiency in which individuals produce normal levels of IgG and IgM, but are unable to produce secretory IgA

Answer 63

Selective IgA deficiency

Question 64

Disorder of inability to produce secretory IgA

Answer 64

Selective IgA deficiency

Question 65

Impaired killing of bacteria within the phagolysosome of neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 65

Chronic granulomatous disease

Question 66

What disease is characterized by deficient humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Answer 66

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

Question 67

Cause of X-SCID (t cell disorder)

Answer 67

Defective receptors for IL-2; leads to poor T cell growth & proliferation

Question 68

Cause of DiGeorge syndrome (t cell disorder)

Answer 68

Defective development of thymus and parathyroid, therefore no T cells

Question 69

Cause of bare lymphocyte syndrome (t cell disorder)

Answer 69

MHC II deficiency; never activates Th0, therefore never activates B cells either

Question 70

Cause of Bruton's agammaglobulinemia (b cell disorder)

Answer 70

Defective tyrosine kinase; b cells never mature

Question 71

What is the most common immunodeficiency disorder?

Answer 71

Selective IgA deficiency

Question 72

immune system functions to detect and eliminate cancer cells, which are marked with surface antigens not on normal cells, as they arise

Answer 72

Immune surveillance

Question 73

Requirements of an effective vaccine

Answer 73

It should not harm the person being vaccinated. It should stimulate B-cell and T-cell responses. It should result in long-term memory. It should not require many boosters. It should protect against the natural pathogen.

Question 74

Vaccine that exposes an individual to a weakened strain of a pathogen; activate both cellular and humoral immunity and stimulate the development of memory

Answer 74

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 75

Vaccine contains whole pathogens that have been killed or inactivated; resulting immune response is weaker and less comprehensive

Answer 75

Inactivated vaccine

Question 76

vaccines that only expose the patient to the key antigens of a pathogen—not whole cells or viruses

Answer 76

Subunit vaccines

Question 77

vaccines that are used to prevent diseases in which bacterial toxins play an important role in pathogenesis

Answer 77

Toxoid vaccines

Question 78

Vaccine consists of a protein joined to a capsule | polysaccharide

Answer 78

Conjugate vaccines

Question 79

Type ___ hypersensitivity is IgE mediated and can manifest as eczema or asthma

Answer 79

Type I

Question 80

Type ___ hypersensitivity antibodies are directed against cell surface antigens, such as in blood transfusions.

Answer 80

Type II

Question 81

Type ___ hypersensitivity antibodies bound to antigens that cause mast cell and PMN degranulation

Answer 81

Type III

Question 82

Type ___ hypersensitivity memory Th1 cells release cytokines that recruit and activate macrophages.

Answer 82

Type IV