Lecture 17

Question 1

Dental plaque

Answer 1

Thickened biofilm on the surface of the tooth. As the bacteria undergo metabolism, they produce acids as an end-product to fermentation

Question 2

Dental caries

Answer 2

Tooth decay caused by acid destroying the enamel on the tooth.

Question 3

Gingivitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the gums

Question 4

Periodontal disease

Answer 4

Advanced inflammation causing the gums to bleed and pull away from the teeth

Question 5

Thrush

Answer 5

White coating resembling cottage cheese; caused by the yeast strain, Candida albicans

Question 6

Diarrhea

Answer 6

defined as having three or more loose stools per day

Question 7

Osmotic diarrhea

Answer 7

When osmolarity of intestinal contents is higher than internal osmolarity of mucosal cells, water leaves the cells

Question 8

Secretory diarrhea

Answer 8

Cells increase ion secretion, which causes electrolytes to leave, leading to imbalance

Question 9

Inflammatory diarrhea

Answer 9

Occurs when mucosal lining is inflamed. Inflammatory cytokines damage the mucosal cells and prevent absorption of nutrients and water. In severe cases, blood can enter the stool.

Question 10

Motility-related diarrhea

Answer 10

Food moves too quickly through the intestinal tract, and nutrients are not absorbed

Question 11

Gastritis

Answer 11

Inflammation of the stomach lining

Question 12

Gastroenteritis

Answer 12

Inflammation along the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 13

Enteritis

Answer 13

Inflammation mainly of the small intestine

Question 14

Enterocolitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the colon and small intestine

Question 15

Colitis

Answer 15

Inflammation of the colon

Question 16

Rotavirus Gastroentiritis

Answer 16

This disease, mostly in children 6-24 months, is caused by a virus and is spread through the fecal-oral route.

Question 17

Norovirus Gastroenterits

Answer 17

This disease is spread by a virus, mostly in enclosed spaces (cruise ships), and causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and headache.

Question 18

Peptic Ulcers

Answer 18

This disease is caused by Helicobacter pylori which erodes the mucosal lining of the stomach.

Question 19

Shigellosis

Answer 19

This disease is characterized by abdominal cramping, high fever, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea from the shiga toxin.

Question 20

Enterocolitis/Typhoid Fever

Answer 20

These disease are caused by Salmonella serotypes and both result in diarrhea.

Question 21

Cholera

Answer 21

This disease is characterized by rice-water stools and is usually self-limiting with IV rehydration.

Question 22

Campylobacter enterocolitis

Answer 22

This is the number one cause of diarrhea worldwide and can cause a disease called Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Question 23

Listeriosis

Answer 23

This disease is caused by a gram-positive organism and is associated with animal products, especially unpasteurized dairy.

Question 24

Antibiotic Associated Colitis

Answer 24

This disease is caused by Clostridium difficile, which is an endospore forming bacteria.

Question 25

Food poisoning

Answer 25

This intoxication is predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and is involved with temperature abuse in food.

Question 26

Giardiasis

Answer 26

This disease is caused by a protozoan that is ingested in a cyst from a water source contaminated with fecal material.

Question 27

Tapeworm

Answer 27

The infecting organisms are flatworms that have proglottid segments with both male and female sex organs.

Question 28

Ascariasis

Answer 28

This is the most common roundworm infection in the world.

Question 29

____ is an important cause of hospital acquired infection.

Answer 29

C. difficile

Question 30

____ is associated with peptic ulcers.

Answer 30

H. pylori

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a way the normal microbiota of the intestine helps to prevent infection? a) It produces acids that lower the pH of the stomach. b) It speeds up the process by which microbes are flushed from the digestive tract. c) It consumes food and occupies space, outcompeting potential pathogens. d) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.

Answer 31

d) It generates large quantities of oxygen that kill anaerobic pathogens.

Question 32

What types of microbes live in the intestines? a) Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria b) A narrow range of bacteria, especially Firmicutes c) A narrow range of bacteria and fungi, especially Bacteroides d) Archaea and fungi only

Answer 32

a) Diverse species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi, especially Bacteroides and Firmicutes bacteria

Question 33

What pathogen is the most important contributor to biofilms in plaque? a) Staphylococcus aureus b) Streptococcus mutans c) Escherichia coli d) Clostridium difficile

Answer 33

b) Streptococcus mutans

Question 34

What type of organism causes thrush? a) a bacterium b) a virus c) a fungus d) a protozoan

Answer 34

c) a fungus

Question 35

Which species of Shigella has a type that produces Shiga toxin? a) S. boydii b) S. flexneri c) S. dysenteriae d) S. sonnei

Answer 35

c) S. dysenteriae

Question 36

Which cause of viral gastroenteritis commonly causes projectile vomiting? a) hepatitisvirus b) Astroviruses c) Rotavirus d) Noroviruses

Answer 36

d) Noroviruses

Question 37

The part of the gastrointestinal tract with the largest natural microbiota is the _____.

Answer 37

Large intestine (colon)

Question 38

When plaque becomes heavy and hardened, it is called dental calculus or _____.

Answer 38

tartar

Question 39

Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis is caused by _____.

Answer 39

Clostridium difficile

Question 40

Jaundice results from a buildup of _____.

Answer 40

bilirubin

Question 41

Chronic _____ infections cause the unique sign of disease of greasy stool and are often resistant to treatment.

Answer 41

giardia