Lecture 4

Question 1

Sticky envelope made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surround the cell.

Answer 1

Glycocalyx

Question 2

Used to propel the organism.

Answer 2

Flagella

Question 3

Composed of peptidoglycan in many bacteria.

Answer 3

Cell wall

Question 4

Tubules that are used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.

Answer 4

Pili

Question 5

Bristle-like projections used by bacterial cells to attach themselves to objects.

Answer 5

Fimbriae

Question 6

The ____ _____ is the defining structure of a cell.

Answer 6

cell membrane

Question 7

The cell wall makes a bacterial cell rigid and helps it withstand intracellular ____ ____ that can build up as a result of ____ ____.

Answer 7

turgor pressure; osmotic shock

Question 8

Gram positive bacteria have multiple layers of ____.

Answer 8

Peptidoglycan

Question 9

Gram negative bacteria have a single layer of ____, enclosed by an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides.

Answer 9

Peptidoglycan

Question 10

Peptidoglycan is reinforced by ____ acids threaded through the layers.

Answer 10

Teichoic

Question 11

What type of bacteria is considered Gram-positive, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex, including extra layers not found in other Gram-positive cells.

Answer 11

Mycobacteria

Question 12

Mycobacteria can be stained using the ____ procedure but not ____.

Answer 12

Acid-fast; Gram stain

Question 13

Bacterial DNA is organized in a ?

Answer 13

nucleoid

Question 14

All of the DNA loops in a nucleoid connect back to a central point called the ____, which is attached to the cell envelope at a point on the cell’s “equator.”

Answer 14

Origin of replication (ORI)

Question 15

Bacterial replication begins at the origin and proceeds in both ____ all around the circle

Answer 15

directions

Question 16

Replication of the DNA termination site triggers the growth of the dividing partition of the envelope, called the ____.

Answer 16

septum

Question 17

Diplococcus

Answer 17

Pair of two cocci

Question 18

Tetrad

Answer 18

Grouping of four cocci arranged in a square

Question 19

Streptococcus

Answer 19

Chain of cocci

Question 20

Staphylococcus

Answer 20

Cluster of cocci

Question 21

Bacilius

Answer 21

Single rod

Question 22

Streptobacilius

Answer 22

Chain of rods

Question 23

The transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell is called ____.

Answer 23

conjugation

Question 24

Straight filaments of protein monomers used to attach to substrates

Answer 24

Pili

Question 25

Shorter than pili and used for attachment to a substrate

Answer 25

Fimbriae

Question 26

Membrane-bound extension of cytoplasm that secretes adhesion factors called "holdfast"

Answer 26

Stalk

Question 27

____ enable motility and chemotaxis.

Answer 27

Rotary flagella

Question 28

Flagella enhance ____.

Answer 28

virulence

Question 29

Prokaryote ribosome sedimentation rate

Answer 29

70S

Question 30

Eukaryote ribosome sedimentation rate

Answer 30

80S

Question 31

____ moves substances along the cell's surface.

Answer 31

Cilia

Question 32

The cell wall makes a bacterial cell rigid and helps it withstand intracellular ____ that can build up as a result of ____.

Answer 32

turgor pressure; osmotic shock

Question 33

Describe a mycobacteria cell wall.

Answer 33

Considered Gram-positive, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex, including extra layers not found in other Gram-positive cells.

Question 34

Which of the following is not composed of microtubules? A) desmosomes B) centrioles C) eukaryotic flagella D) eukaryotic cilia

Answer 34

A) Desmosomes

Question 35

Which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles? A) active transport B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) facilitated diffusion

Answer 35

B) Pinocytosis

Question 36

Which of the following structures of a eukaryotic cell is not likely derived from endosymbiotic bacterium? A) mitochondrial DNA B) mitochondrial ribosomes C) inner membrane D) outer membrane

Answer 36

D) Outer membrane

Question 37

Sugar groups may be added to proteins in which of the following? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus D) lysosome

Answer 37

C) Golgi apparatus

Question 38

Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is important in the formation of the nuclear lamina? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) microtubules D) fibronectin

Answer 38

B) Intermediate filaments

Question 39

Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end? A) monotrichous B) amphitrichous C) peritrichous D) lophotrichous

Answer 39

D) Lophotrichous

Question 40

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells? A) lipopolysaccharide B) teichoic acid C) mycolic acid D) peptidoglycan

Answer 40

A) Lipopolysaccharide

Question 41

Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces? (Select all that apply.) ``` A) endospores B) cell walls C) fimbriae D) capsules E) flagella ```

Answer 41

C) Fimbriae | D) Capsules

Question 42

True/False Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes that are structurally similar to those found in prokaryotic cells.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

The assertion that “life only comes from life” was stated by Louis Pasteur in regard to his experiments that definitively refuted the theory of _______.

Answer 43

Spontaneous generation

Question 44

The ________ theory states that disease may originate from proximity to decomposing matter and is not due to person-to-person contact.

Answer 44

Miasma

Question 45

Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called _________.

Answer 45

Bacilli

Question 46

The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called ________.

Answer 46

volutin (or metachromatic granule)

Question 47

Peroxisomes typically produce _________, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.

Answer 47

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 48

Microfilaments are composed of _________ monomers.

Answer 48

Actin