Lecture 12

Question 3

What is the significance of New Zealand’s marine zone?

Answer 3

Great biological diversity including sponges, ascidians, coelenterates, and microalgae

NZ has a massive marine zone with unique biodiversity, similar to its terrestrial zone.

Question 4

What percentage of vascular plants are endemic to New Zealand’s terrestrial zone?

Answer 4

Around 80%

Marine biodiversity is equally unique, indicating a rich natural product potential.

Question 5

When did the intensive discovery of marine natural products in NZ begin?

Answer 5

After SCUBA development in the 1940s

Question 6

What classes of marine natural products are found in NZ?

Answer 6

From bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals

Many bioactive natural product classes were first discovered in NZ marine organisms.

Question 7

What traditional knowledge guides the understanding of toxicity and medicinal use in marine natural products?

Answer 7

Mātauranga Māori

Question 8

What is the process used for discovering bioactive compounds from marine organisms?

Answer 8

Broad screening via bioassays

Question 9

What is the purpose of bioassay-directed purification?

Answer 9

Isolate bioactive compounds

Question 10

What analytical methods are used for structure elucidation of marine natural products?

Answer 10

• Mass Spectrometry (MS)
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
• X-ray crystallography

Question 11

What is the focus of Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) investigations?

Answer 11

Understand and optimize bioactivity

Question 12

What are some examples of marine natural products first discovered in NZ?

Answer 12

• 1,2,3-Trithiane
• Pateamine
• Peloruside
• Coproverdine

Question 13

What bioactivity is associated with 1,2,3-Trithiane?

Answer 13

Cytotoxic

Question 14

What is the origin of the anticancer compound halichondrins?

Answer 14

Japanese sponge Halichondria okadai

Question 15

What is the mode of action for halichondrins?

Answer 15

Disruption of microtubule polymerization

Question 16

What FDA-approved synthetic analog of halichondrins is used for breast cancer treatment?

Answer 16

Eribulin (Halaven)

Question 17

From which sponge are mycalamides isolated?

Answer 17

Mycale sponge

Question 18

What type of bioassays were used to discover mycalamides?

Answer 18

Antiviral bioassays

Question 19

What is Neosaxitoxin developed from?

Answer 19

Alexandrium pacificum microalgae

Question 20

What health benefits are associated with omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils?

Answer 20

Significant health benefits supported by systematic reviews

Question 21

What cultural significance do green-lipped mussel extracts have in NZ?

Answer 21

Cultural importance (kaimoana)

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The development process of marine natural products often involves _______.

Answer 22

[directed screening]

Question 23

What are Antiviral Mycalamides?

Answer 23

Isolated from Mycale sponge

Antiviral Mycalamides were discovered through antiviral bioassays.

Question 24

How was the structure of Antiviral Mycalamides determined?

Answer 24

Solved by MS and 2D NMR techniques

Question 25

What is the significance of bacterial symbionts in the context of Mycalamides?

Answer 25

Related biosynthesis linked to bacterial symbionts of sponges and blister beetles

Question 26

What types of studies were pursued for Antiviral Mycalamides?

Answer 26

Synthetic analogs and SAR studies

Question 27

What is the origin of Halichondrins?

Answer 27

Japanese sponge Halichondria okadai and NZ sponge Lissodendoryx for better yield

Question 28

What effect did Halichondrins show in vitro and in vivo?

Answer 28

Cytotoxicity, increasing life span in animal models

Question 29

What is the mode of action of Halichondrins?

Answer 29

Disruption of microtubule polymerization, essential for mitosis

Question 30

What methods were used for the development of Halichondrins?

Answer 30

Bulk supply efforts via dredging and Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) surveys

Question 31

What techniques were used for the structural elucidation of Halichondrins?

Answer 31

MS, NMR, X-ray

Question 32

Who achieved the total synthesis of Halichondrins and when?

Answer 32

Kishi et al. 1992

Question 33

What is the name of the synthetic analog of Halichondrins approved by the FDA?

Answer 33

Eribulin (Halaven)

Question 34

In what year was Eribulin (Halaven) approved by the FDA?

Answer 34

2010

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The initial discovery of Antiviral Mycalamides was through _______.

Answer 35

antiviral bioassays