Lecture 12

Question 1

What are the cell types in the heart? Where are they? How much of the cells do they each make up?

Answer 1

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Question 2

How to measure the electrical components of the heart? What are the important intervals?

Answer 2

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Question 3

What is myocardial infarction? Why is it important?

Answer 3

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Question 4

What happens in a heart after MI? What is the consequence of this?

Answer 4

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Question 5

Why can’t the heart regenerate?

Answer 5

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Question 6

What are the properties of the heart stem cells? What happens in the heart after injury because of this?

Answer 6

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Question 7

What can we do to use the stem cells for regeneration?

Answer 7

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Question 8

What cells to use in replacement? What different trials have been happening? What is the success of these trails? Why?

Answer 8

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Question 9

Can we use IPSCs for MI? Why are they better?

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Question 10

How to differentiate IPSCs or ESCs into CM?

Answer 10

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Question 11

How does a heart develop in the first place? What are the initial steps to specify the lineage?

Answer 11

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Question 12

How is the mesoderm established? What is the signalling?

Answer 12

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Question 13

What happens after the establishment of mesoderm? How is this done?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What are the 3 sets of signals that enable cardiac specification?

Answer 14

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Question 15

What happens as a results of these signals all together? What is formed?

Answer 15

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Question 16

Where do the cells of the heart come from?

Answer 16

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Question 17

What is the cardiac crest?

Answer 17

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Question 18

Where does blood therefore come from?

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Question 19

How do we know BMP and Wnt are critical signals? What experiment was done to show this and show how they work?

Answer 19

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Question 20

How has the protocol now been improved to form cardiomyocytes? What are the stages? What factors are used at each stage? How much better is this?

Answer 20

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Question 21

How do we know that they are cardiomyocytes?

Answer 21

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Question 22

How do reporter systems help?

Answer 22

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Question 23

How do reporter systems help improve efficiency? How to improve speed?

Answer 23

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Question 24

What is the reporter system used to identify cardiomyocytes?

Answer 24

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Question 25

Are IPSC derived CM functional? How to measure? How to control?

Answer 25

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Question 26

How can the beating rate of ESC and IPSC derived cardiomyocytes be changed?

Answer 26

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Question 27

What drugs changed the beat? How did it affect it?

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Question 28

How did the IPSC derived cardiomyocytes compare to the normal in response to the drug in terms of contractility and beating frequency?

Answer 28

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Question 29

What is Timothy syndrome? What is the mutation?

Answer 29

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Question 30

How to study cardiomyopathies?

Answer 30

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Question 31

What to first check when made IPSCs?

Answer 31

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Question 32

What did the study of Timothy syndrome IPSCs show? What was the phenotype?

Answer 32

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Question 33

What is the difference between the human and mouse IPSCs and the CM derived from them?

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Question 34

What can be done once the phenotype is known?

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Question 35

What was found to help Timothy syndrome IPSCs? What was the experiment done to show how it helped?

Answer 35

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