Lecture 14 Flashcards by Gloria H

Domain Eukarya is divided in how many kingdoms + name them all

4 kingdoms
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia

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Are protists motile?

Most are

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Sexual or Asexual reproduction?

both

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True or false: most are terrestrial

FALSE: Most are aquatic (terrestrial protists are found in moist environments)

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True or false: Only autotrophic?

FALSE: Protists may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

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Are they unicellular?

Uni and Mutli cellular

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TRUE or FALSE: Protists are more diverse
than all other eukaryotes

TRUE

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If protists can have sexual reproduction, what does that include?

forming gametes

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If protists can have Asexual reproduction, what does that include?

binary fission

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What is the term associated with this definition: independent multicellular haploid life stage alternating with multicellular diploid stage

Alternation of generation

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Protists vary in their method of obtaining food, in how many groups do they separate?

3 main groups

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Name all 3 groups

Animal-like
Plant-like
Fungi-like

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Which group is autotrophic?

the Plant-like group

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Which one is absorptive/ingestive (heterotrophic)?

Fungi-like group

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How do animal-like groups obtain their food?

Ingestive (heterotrophic) (like protozoa)

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Let’s talk more about animal-like Protists: Protozoa
are they unicellular? multi? colonial?

mostly single-celled (unicellular)

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Are they heterotrophic or autotrophic?

heterotrophic

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Are they parasitic or mutualistic?

parasitic

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Do they have a cell wall?

NO, but they have a pellicle

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name 2 structure for feeding

food vacuoles
contractile vacuoles

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Animal-like protists are mostly motile, name structures of locomotion

flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, non-motile

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Through what process can they eat?

through phagocytosis

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Give an example of an animal-like protist

Amoebas

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Name all characteristics of Amoebas:

unicellular
lobe-shaped (pseudopodia)
contractile vacuole
found in soil, freshwater, and marine environments

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Are Amoeba autotrophic or heterotrophic?

heterotrophic

What does this mean?

they actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists

What are pseudopods? what are they used for?

"false feet"; temporary extension for locomotion and feeding

Name 2 protists that are Ciliates

Paramecium and Stentor

What is so special about Ciliates?

- they are part of zooplankton - use cilia to move and feed (heterotrophic) AND they have a macro and micronuclei

What does the macronucleus contain?

contains multiple copies of the genetic material - controls the everyday functions of the cell (i.e. metabolism).

What does the micronucleus involve in?

e involved in sexual reproduction (two genetically different strains come together and exchange genes = genetic variation).

Do they have a CW or a pellicle?

Pellicle (provides extra support and protection)

How does Paramecium eat?

“mouth” in the form of a groove leading to a funnel-shaped gullet, * at the end of which food vacuoles form (to digest food) – Food vacuoles: similar to the digestive system of multicellular animals

Where are the cilia located on Stentor?

Cilia are concentrated into a tuft-like mop at the anterior end of the cell

What is the use of cilia?

create current to draw food in mouth + helps with locomotion

Paramecium or Stentor shaped like a trumpet?

Stentor

Is Stentor's macronucleus different from Paramecium's? (explain)

Yes, it's subdivided into a string of beads (rather than occurring as one membrane-bound mass of DNA (for paramecium) )

Name 5 important characteristics of Flagellates Euglenozoans

- heterotrophs - photosynthetic autotrophs - mixotrophs - pathogenic parasites - have pellicle

What does it mean if Euglena is mixotrophic?

autotrophic when sunlight available heterotrophic in absence of light

Is it a zooplankton or a phytoplankton?

BOTH

What color is Euglena?

Green

Why is it green? Where does this pigment come from?

Mixotrophs have chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b

What do you know about eye spots?

photoreceptor apparatus/system * eyespot and pigment shield so they can detect and swim towards light (useful for photosynthesis!)

Name a Parasitic animal-like protist (some euglenozoans) that is BAD

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense species

What is this?

species causes West African sleeping sickness

What is the biological vector?

transmitted by an infected tsetse fly

Name a couple of symptoms:

recurring fevers, lethargic, difficulty speaking & walking, altered sleep / wake cycle

What does this disease affect majoritively?

Central Nervous System

Name another animal-like parasite

Giardia

Where do we find giardia?

Flagellated Intestinal parasite in mammals

What does it cause?

“backpackers diarrhea" (infection among campers)

How can you get infected?

by drinking the water contaminated with feces containing cysts (boiling the water kills the parasite)

Toxoplasma is other parasitic protist, is it common?

Yes, anyone can be affected by it common worldwide (30-40%) - infection associated with neurological disorders...

Are Fungus-like protists photosynthetic?

Are Fungus-like protists producers, consumers or decomposers?

decomposers

Where are they commonly found?

in soil, water (as parasites)

Name 2 types of Fungus-like protists

- oomycetes (water mold) - slime molds

Which one cause the Irish potato famine in mid 1800s?

oomycetes (water mold)

Does water mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?

yes, cellulose-like & glycan cell walls

Does slime mold have a CW? if so, what is it made out of?

no cell walls in the plasmodium stage

Which one are phagocytic cells?

Slime molds

Which one extend their pseudopodia to engulf their food through phagocytosis?

Slime molds

Which one is an absorptive feeder with hyphae?

Water molds

What happens when conditions become harsh for slim molds?

they form sporangia (spore clusters) AND they disperse to new habitats

The last kind of protist a plant-like protist are they photosynthetic organisms?

YES

are they uni or multicellular?

multicellular

where do you find them?

in freshwater or marine forms

What do they contain to be photosynthetic organisms

they contain chloroplasts

Do green algae have a CW, if so what is it made out of?

YES, cellulose (or silica for diatoms)

Green algae store their excess glucose as what?

as starch

Diatoms store their excess glucose as what?

as oil (responsible for petroleum deposits)

Which plant-like algae is colonial?

Volvox

Why are algae species important commercially?

They are used as thickening agents

Give examples of products used in the food industry

- agar plates from red algae - nori - ice cream - pudding

Protists can vary in 3 main ways:

- morphology - mode of nutrition - mode of locomotion