Lecture 15 Flashcards by Gloria H

Are Fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

eukaryotes

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Do fungi have cell walls?

Yes

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Their cell walls are made out of what?

contains chitin

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What might we call an organism that acquires nutrients by absorption

a heterotrophic organims

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What do fungi secret?

exoenzymes

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What are the main functions of exoenzymes?

breakdown large molecules into smaller more soluble forms that then get absorbed

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Where are they released into?

into the environment

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What does it mean to have an alternation of generations?

two separate, free-living organisms in the same generation

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What are the name of these 2 free-living organism?

gametophyte & sporophyte

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Out of gametophyte & sporophyte, which one is haploid or diploid

gametophyte -> haploid
sporophyte -> diploid

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Are they unicellular?

Could be uni or even complex multicellular structures

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Name a unicellular organisms & name a complex multicellular structure

uni: yeasts
multi: mushroom

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What is the name of the tiny filaments that make up the bodies of fungi?

hyphae

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What are hyphae used for?

greater surface area for absorption

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What is a filamentous body usually hidden (below ground) called?

Mycelium

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How do they disperse? (production of what?)

by producing spores (carried by wind, water)

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Name a fungus which is among the largest and oldest living organisms in 1992:

The fungus Armillaria bulbosa

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In 2000, tell me a couple info about the world’s s biggest fungus, discovered in Oregon’s Blue Mountains:

more than 2400 years old
covers area of 9.65 km^2

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How do fungi reproduce? (sexually? asexually?)

BOTH

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When producing asexually, mushrooms (fruiting bodies) release what?

spores (*sporulation)

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How are spores dispersed?

by wind

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when they land in a suitable environment what do they produce?

mycelium (underground)

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When reproducing sexually, the life cycle involves the fusion of what?

fusion of hyphae from two individuals

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What do we call the fusion of hyphae from two individuals?

plasmogamy

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So what is more specifically plasmogamy?

forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals

eventually, the 2 nuclei will fuse to form what?

a diploid zygote

Through what process can it then produce four haploid cells?

meiosis

Some have alternation of generations, what does this mean?

independent haploid life stage alternating with diploid stage (Like some plants and protists)

What is the Primary role of fungi in ecosystems?

Decomposers

Many species are involved in many things:

- break down wood & leaves - some nutrients absorbed & used - rest returns to soil recycled by plants

They can break down most of what?

organic compounds

Can fungi be pathogens?

Yes, Some cause disease in plants reduce yield or kill plants

Give a few examples of fungi that are pathogens for plants:

fruit - especially berries + vegetables: potatoes, root crops, corn, grain

Can fungi be pathogens for animals?

yes, some cause disease in animals including humans

Give a few examples of fungi that are pathogens for animals:

Athlete’s foot, Jock itch, Yeast infections, Nail infections and respiratory diseases (ex.mold problems in hospitals, schools) + Aspergillus (lungs)

Fungi in building, toxigenetic fungi produce what?

mycotoxins

Do mycotoxins invade tissues?

What carry the toxins? (vehicles for their inhalation)

spores + mycelial

Can fungi be a mutualistic symbionts?

yes, some form mutualisms

Name one important mutualism

lichen

What is the association of lichen?

association between a fungus and a green algae (or cyanobacteria)

How are they considered a mutualistic symbionts?

algae provides food (organic carbon) + fungus provides with a suitable physical environment for growth

Why do we say they are Important pioneers?

because they can break down rock into soil

Their main food source is for whom?

for mainly caribou and reindeer

What is another mutualism?

mycorrhizae

What are the 2 associations for mycorrhizae?

Association between a fungus and a plant

Where do you find mycorrhizae?

found on roots of over 90% of all vascular plants

What makes them Mutualistic Symbionts?

Fungus acquires carbon from plant + plant gets nutrients, water, minerals, pathogen resistance increased resistance to toxic elements in the soi

How does Mycorrhizal fungi extend the volume of soil?

by the root system (fungus = yellow hyphae)

Mycorrhizal fungi produce enzymes, what are their main function?

solubilize nutrients (aid in nutrient uptake)

What are Group of achlorophyllous plants?

unable to photosynthesize and produce carbohydrates

Do they have chlorophyll?

nope

How do parasitic plants obtain their carbon?

from trees

Alchlorphyllous use mycorrhizas to do what? (2)

- to obtain minerals and nutrients - to tap the carbon supplies of nearby plants via their roots

So some fungi in forest soils form mycorrhizal associations with what? (2)

- Trees and achlorophyllous species - Carbohydrates pass from conifer to the achlorophyllous plants

How do Carbohydrates pass from the conifer to the achlorophyllous plants?

via their common mycorrhizal partner

What 2 very important economic uses of fungi?

- food - antibiotics

Hoe could they be important for food?

- supermarket mushrooms, morels, truffles - ripen some cheeses: Brie, Camembert - others for flavor of cheese: Stilton, Gorgonzola

which are dangerous?

Amanita = deadly

Complete the sentence: most _______ are fungi, slime & water ______ are protists!

most molds are fungi, slime & water molds are protists!

Is yeast a fungi?

yes

Is yeast uni or multicellular?

it'S uni

Name 2 ways the cells may divide:

- binary fission - by budding

Where is yeast used?

In bread making, carbon dioxide is the important product, with the evolving gas causing the bread to rise. * In beer and wine-making, alcohol is the important product of yeast, though carbon dioxide may also be used in beer and champagne. = BREAD AND BEER (B&B)

What is the second way fungi are economically important?

antibiotics

How come they can be antibiotics?

Produce chemicals that kill them = Antibiotics

Many fungi are natural enemies of bacteria, name one (you know this one):

Penicillin!!

RECAP: what are the 3 main ecological roles of fungi:

- decomposers - pathogens - mutualistic symbionts