Lecture 2 Flashcards by Gloria H

Name all 7 Properties of Life (Concept 1)

1) Cells and biomolecules
2) Energy use and metabolism
3) Response to environmental changes
4) Regulation and homeostasis
5) Growth and development
6) Reproduction
7) Biological Evolution

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Concept 2: The cell’s blueprint
All cells contains what?

DNA

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What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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Why is DNA important? (2)

because it carries hereditary information
it’s necessary for the production of proteins, the rugulation, the metabolism and the reproduction of the cell

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DNA consists of what?

4 nucleotides

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Name all 4 nucleotides

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine

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DNA are made up of genes… What are genes?

Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

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What is the process of offspring with traits inherited from both parents?

1) Sperm and egg cell (both nuclei containing DNA)
2) Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
3) Embryo’s cell with copies of inherited DNA

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Concept 3: Hierarchy of Biological Organization
what does this consist of?

Living things can be studied at several different levels

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Name the hierarchy (from smallest to biggest)

molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

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What is the smallest living thing in the hierarchy

Molecules

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What is a molecule?

A chemical structure made up of 2 or more atoms

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What is the smallest unit of matter that has properties of a chemical element?

Atoms

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Therefore, we can say that molecules and chemicals are what?

the building blocks of organelles

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What are organelles?

different structures within cells with specialized functions (nucleus controls the center of the cell and contains DNA; Mithocondrion produced energy for the cell)

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What is the smallest unit of life?

Cells

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What are cells made up of?

many different molecules and organelles

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All cells have 4 things in common, name them

1) surrounded by a membrane
2) contain genetic info (DNA)
3) internal mass (cytoplasm)
4) have ribosomes (protein synthesis)

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What are 2 types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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Which one has the DNA in a membrane bound nucleus?

Eukaryotic cells

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Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

Plants, animals…

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What the difference with Prokaryotic cells?

DNA is not spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus

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What’s the next category?

Tissues

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What are tissues?

Groups of a particular type of cell performing a specific function

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Give a few examples of tissues

muscle, bone, skin, blood...

Groups of tissues performing a specific function are called:

Organs

Give a few examples of organs

stomach, brain, lungs, heart...

Group of organs performing a specific function is called:

Organ systems

Give a few examples of organ systems

digestive system, nervous sytem, circulatory system...

What is the next cartegory in the hierarchy?

Organisms

What are organisms?

an ndependent living unit (an individual)

It varies in what and what?

it varies in size and complexity

understand the comparaison from a single cell (bacteria) and what?

trillions of cells, organized into tissues, organs and organ systems

What is the 8th category? (ecological organization)

Populations

Define population

group of the SAME KIND of organism, living in one place

What's the 9th category?

Communities

What are communities?

groups of DIFFERENT KINDS of organisms living together and interacting (dependent upon each other)

What's the 10th category?

Ecosystems

What do ecosystems include? (2)

- the community of organisms present in a particular area - their interactions with their physical surroundings

What do we call all of Earth's ecosystems?

Biosphere

What do biospheres include?

all parts of the earth inhabited with living organisms

Name everything that is included in the hierarchy of biological organization

Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelle Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

What's part of the ecological organization?

Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

The 4th concept: Evolution accounts for what?

for life's diversity and unity

Name the famous person who focused his work on involving evolution

Charles Darwin

What does Darwin say?

that the envrionment selects the best adapted organisms for survival

Give a quick example of this

natural selection acts on variable traits within a population

Complete the sentence: especially at the lower levels of organization there is also unity with ___

with diversity

What is something that unites prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

the universal genetic language of DNA

What do eukaryotes have in common?

unity is evident in many details of cell stucture

Darwin showed that specied demonstrate what from common ancestors?

demonstrate descent with modification

what does this mean?

that all species descended from an ancestor, with each generation having the possibility to be modified (i.e. change in the genetic make-up of a population)

The second thing Darwin showed is natural selection. What does this mean?

natural selection = mechanism behin "descent with modification"

Give an example of natural selection

1) Population with varied inherited traits (color/camouflage) 2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits (very colorful and vibrant) 3) Reproduction of survivors ( gene passes on) 4) Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success

Why do we say that the population evolves over time? (environment selects)

because traits can change over time (therefore adaptive traits increase)

Once again, whar are the main steps of natural selection:

1) Organisms in a population are not exactly alike (varying traits) 2) Organisms, reproduce and must compete for resources to survive 3) Individuals better adapted to obtain resources are more likely to survive and reproduce 4) Survivors that reproduce pass on their traits (genes that are adaptive)

Having a better understanding of an organism's evolutionary history allows us to better understand its current what: (4)

- biomlecules - cellular activites - structures - behaviours

5th concept: Classification

one job of Biologist is to classify living things

What is the word that define the science of naming and classifying organisms?

taxonomy

What are the 2 types of cells?

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

What's the main difference b/w these cells?

Pro - DNA is NOT spearate from the cytoplasm in a nucleus Eu - DNA in a membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryotic cells are classified into 2 domains and 2 kingdoms, name them

Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archae Kingdom Archaebateria

Eukaryotic cells are classified into 1 domain, name it

Domain Eukarya

Name all 4 Kingdoms

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Name all 9 words that are part of the Hierarchy of taxonomic classification (with the correct order)

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Subspecies

What is a good sentence to remeber all of them

Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand (+S)

The binomial system was developed by who?

by Linnaeus in 1700's

True or False: Each kind of organism has unique Latin names

TRUE

Tell me how to name something

GENUS (always capitalize the first letter) and SPECIES (always small first letter)

The 6th concept is Ecosystem Dynamics What do you think this mean?

Organisms interact with other organisms + nonliving factors

Complete de sentence: In most ecosystems, nutrients are _______

nutrients are recycled

What does this mean?

nutrients pass through both biotic and abiotic forms

Complete de sentence: _______ enters as light flows through living organisms

Energy enters

How is it ultimately lost?

lost as heat

How many types of organisms exist?

3 types

Name all 3 types of organisms

- Producers - Consumers - Decomposers

Are producers needed for life to exist?

YES

What are producers?

they are photosynthetic organisms

Give an example of a producer

plants

They convert (not produce) light energy to what?

to chemical energy from simple raw materials

What do you call a self feeding organisms?

an autotroph

Give an example of an autotroph

plants, algae (use sunlight as energy form (photosynthesis))

What is the name of the type of organism who feed on producers?

Consumers

True or False: Consumers feed on other consumers

TRUE

True or False: Consummers can produce their own energy

FALSE (they can't)

What are heterotrophs?

They obeain energy by breaking down food orignially produced by producers

Give an example of heterotrophs

aniamals (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)

What is the last organism?

Decomposers

Decomposers are heterotrophs that obtain energy by doing what?

by breaking down dead organic matter

Why are decomposers important?

Because they recycle nutrients (bacteria and fungi)