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ZOOL 405 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the groups within Teleostei?

A 
Osteoglossomorpha
Elopomorpha
Ostarioclupeomorpha
Protacanthopterygii
Euteleostei
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2
Q

What groups are in Ostarioclupeomorpha?

A

Clupeomorpha

Ostariophysi

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3
Q

What is the morphological evidence of Ostarioclupeomorpha being monophyletic?

A

components of the Weberian apparatus in clupeomorphs

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4
Q

What orders are in Clupeomorpha?

A

Ellimmichthyiformes

Clupeiformes

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5
Q

What are the characters of Clupeomorphs?

A 
one or more mid-ventral scutes 
body generally compressed 
physostomous swim bladder 
jaws not protrusible 
branchiostegals usually less than 7 (up to 20)
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6
Q

What are mid-ventral scutes?

A

single elements that cross the midline

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7
Q

Ellimmichthyiformes characters

A 
all extinct 
primitive sister group to Clupeiformes 
late Early Cretaceous through Eocene 
world wide, including AB
marine and fresh
dorsal scutes
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8
Q

what is the otophysic connection in clupeomorpha?

what is the function of this?

A

diverticulum of swim bladder penetrates back of skull and extends into the prootic within the lateral wall of the brain case; ossified bullae form in prootic and usually also in the pterotic.
this is increasing sound reception

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9
Q

Clupeiformes characteristics

A 
presence of recessus lateralis 
fusiform 
generally small, fast
countershaded 
large scales over whole body 
most lack lateral line (retain sensory canals on head, lose them on body) 
no fin spines, single dorsal fin
forked tail
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10
Q

what is the recessus lateralis?

A 
inter cranial space in otic region 
membrane separates it from perilymphatic spaces 
function not well understood: indications that it and bullae and swimbladder modification may form a complex that aids in sound reception
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11
Q

What are the Denticipitoidei?

A

most primitive clupeiformes
West and East Africa
Denticeps and Palaeodenticeps

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12
Q

What is the Clupeoidei?

A

all clupeiformes except for Denticipitoidei?

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13
Q

What families are in Clupeoidei?

A

Engraulidae
Prisigasteridae
Chirocentridae
Clupeidae

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14
Q

Clupeiformes biology

A 
pelagic filter feeders 
4/5 marine, rest inland or anadromous 
diel migrations
seasonal migrations 
form large schools and shoals
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15
Q

how do we know that clupeiformes are filter feeders?

A

they have gill rakers that are long, fine, and closely spaced

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16
Q

What are schools?

A 
synchronized aggregations 
swim parallel, fairly uniform spacing, same speed and direction
100s-1000s of individuals 
individuals similar size 
confer swimming efficiency 
avoid or deter predators
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17
Q

what are shoals?

A

smaller, less organized; particularly in spawning season

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18
Q

what are obligate shoalers?

A

get agitated if removed from group

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19
Q

what classification is ostariophysi?

A

superorder

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20
Q

what are ostarion?

A

small bones that are associated with the gas bladder

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21
Q

where are ostariophysi located?

A

everywhere except Australia or Antarctica

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22
Q

what orders are in ostariophysi?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Gonorhynchiformes
Cypriniformes
Characiformes
Siluriformes
Gymnotiformes
23
Q

What is the series Otophysi?

Study These Flashcards
A

all ostariophysi except for Gonorhynchiformes

24
Q

What are the Gonorhynchiformes characters?

Study These Flashcards
A

first 3 vertebrae modified and associated with 1 or more cephalic ribs (proto-weberian apparatus)

25
Ostariophysi characters
alarm substance (Shreckstoff) protrusible jaws pharyngeal teeth (not Gonorhynchiformes) Weberian apparatus
26
what type of feeding do protrusible jaws allow?
suction feeding
27
how does jaw protrusion work?
maxilla pushes premaxilla out
28
what bones in the branchial arches are associated with teeth?
5th ceratobranchial | tooth plates on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngobranchials
29
what are the 5 elements of the branchial arches?
``` pharyngobranchial epibranchial ceratobranchial hypobranchial basibranchial ```
30
What makes up the Weberian apparatus?
Weberian ossicles and associated ligaments and vertebrae
31
what is the function of the Weberian apparatus?
sound amplification
32
what is the biggest component of the weberian apparatus? what does it do?
the tripus it connects the swim bladder and anteriorly connects with the intercalarium (provides the connection to the swim bladder)
33
what are the ossicles associated with the Weberian apparatus? in the order from posterior to anterior
tripus, intercalarium, scaphum, claustrum
34
what does the claustrum connect to in the Weberian apparatus?
membranous labyrinth
35
what does the ostariophysan swim bladder look like?
anterior part of swim bladder has double wall (attached with delicate, oily connective tissue)
36
what are the walls in the ostariophysan swim bladder?
tunica interna --> inne | tunica externa --> outer, has longitudinal dorsal slit
37
how does the ostariophysan swim bladder react to sound waves?
it expands and contracts when exposed to sound waves | expands when sound wave hits gas, contraction is elastic recoil
38
how does the Ostariophysan swim bladder transmit sound?
swim bladder expands and contracts when exposed to sound waves (expands when sound wave hits it, contractions are elastic recoil) tunica interna stretches, tunica externa slides over surface of tunica interna movements of the tunica externa slit transmitted via ossicles to membranous labyrinth volume changes of swim bladder cause ossicles to move --> transmit pressure changes to perilymph (pressure change in the sinus impar) --> to sensory cells of inferior portion of labyrinth where sound reception occurs increases amplitude of vibration of saccular otoliths --> increases sensitivity to sound
39
what is the sinus impar?
membranous window of perilymph system in basioccipital in ostariophysan swim bladder
40
is the swim bladder ever lost in ostariophysans?
no, and it is rarely reduced
41
Cypriniformes characters
5th ceratobranchial enlarged with teeth ankylosed to bone no oral teeth 3 branchiostegal rats adipose fin absent pharyngeal teeth in 1-3 rows, 8 or less teeth in cyprinidae, 16+ in catostomidae
42
what does ankylosed mean?
firmly attached to bone, cemented on
43
cypriniformes habitat
dominate fresh water fauna of NA, Europe greatest diversity in SE Asia, India none in Australia, SA
44
what is the importance of cypriniformes to humans?
biological research, food, sport, aquarium, weed control
45
characiformes characters
jaw teeth well developed pharyngeal teeth present, not highly developed weak mouth protrusion adipose fin present
46
where are characiformes found?
SA and Africa
47
Siluriformes characters
bones are lost, fused, and reduced body naked or with enlarged plates adipose fin present up to 4 pairs of barbels maxilla = barbel support some have fin spines
48
what bones are lost in siluriformes?
symplectic, subopercular, basihyal, intermusculars
49
what bones are fused in Siluriformes?
parietals + supraoccipital | posttemporal + supracleithrum
50
what bones are reduced in siluriformes?
mesoptyergoid, preopercle, interopercle
51
what are the 4 pairs of barbels in siluriformes?
nasal, maxillary, mental, mandibular
52
what waters are siluriformes found in?
Marine and freshwater
53
if siluriformes have fin spines, where are they and what are they used for?
``` dorsal = 2 spines, 1 is a locking device pectoral = has venom ```
54
What are Gymnotiformes? What are their characters?
South American knife fishes electroreception --> organs from muscles or nerve cells no dorsal or pelvic fins, very long anal fin swim backwarrds

ZOOL 405 (8 decks)

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