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ZOOL 405 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the superorders (that we need to know) in Euteleostei?

A

Protacanthopterygii
Scopelomorpha
Paracanthopterygii
Acanthopterygii

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2
Q

What orders are in Protacanthopterygii?

A

Argentiniformes
Osmeriformes
Esociformes
Salmoniformes

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3
Q

Protacanthopterygii characters

A

soft rays in fins

pelvic fins are abdominal

pectoral fins low on body

jaws not protrusible

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4
Q

Argentiniformes characters

A

crumenal organ

4th gill arch with fleshy membrane separates crumenal from orobranchial chamber

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5
Q

what is the crumenal organ?

A

In argentiniformes

complex branchial organ
5th ceratobranchial
extra cartilage and interdigitating gill (gill rakers are interdigitating)
filter feeding or grinding

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6
Q

What does the shoulder sack in tube shoulders (Argentiniformes) do?

A

produces blue-green luminous fluid

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7
Q

Where do Argentiniformes live?

A

Marine waters

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8
Q

Where do Osmeriformes live?

A

marine, anadromous, coastal freshwaters (coastal BC)

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9
Q

what families are part of Esociformes

A

Umbridae

Esocidae

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10
Q

what is the species of Esociformes that is present in AB?

A

Esox lucius

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11
Q

what is the habitat of Esox?

A

Circumpolar, freshwater

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12
Q

What is the family within Salmoniformes?

A

Salmonidae

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13
Q

what are the subfamilies within salmonidae?

A

Coregoninae
Thymallinae
Salmoninae

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14
Q

Where are Salmoniformes located?

A

dominant in northern hemisphere

cold freshwater

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15
Q

Salmoniformes characters

A

retain adipose fin

single dorsal fin

soft rays

physostomous or absent swim bladder

retain maxilla in gait

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16
Q

what types of water do Salmoniformes live in?

A

anadromous, freshwater, or amphidromous

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17
Q

what does amphidromous mean?

A

move between fresh and salt water but not to breed

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18
Q

What are the AB species of Coregoninae?

A 
Coregonus artedi
Coregonus zenithicus
Corergonus clupeaformis
Prosopium coulteri
Prosopium cylindraceum
Prosopium williamsoni
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19
Q

What is the AB species of Thymallinae?

A

Thymallus arcticus

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20
Q

What are the AB species of Salmoninae?

A 
Oncorhynchus clarki
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita 
Salmo trutta 
Salvelinus confluentus 
Salvelinus fontinalis 
Salvelinus namaycush
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21
Q

What is the difference between trouts and salmons?

A

trouts are considered to stay in freshwater

salmons migrate to sea

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22
Q

what is the scientific name for sockeye salmon?

A

Oncorhynchus nerka

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23
Q

why is the salmon run so important?

A

salmons transfer energy from the marine environment to the freshwater environment
when they die, they are food for freshwater species, also from decaying

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24
Q

What happened at Hell’s Gate in the early 1900’s? Why did this happen?

A

landslides caused by building railways blocked the river, blocked fish from going through
the water was going through a narrower place, had faster water, so harder for the fish to make it through

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25
What is the difference between Kokanee and Sockeye salmon?
Same species, but Kokanee are landlocked | Kokanee are much smaller than Sockeyes
26
What is the range of Kokanee in relation to Sockeye?
present over most of the same range (California-Alaska, Japan-Russia)
27
What do the Kokanee do instead of going to the sea?
They are still anadromous, since they go against the stream of water to migrate, but they are forever in freshwater
28
How do salmon (maybe) know how to get back to their natal stream?
have iron in inner ear, thought to be related to magnetic orientation once they get nearer to the steam, they have a great sense of smell and can detect their home stream actually unknown how they know
29
What is sympatric speciation?
evolution of reproductive isolation in the absence of geographic isolation
30
What fish have sympatric speciation? Why?
Kokanee and Sockeye salmon | Perhaps based on size
31
what is the temperature preference for sockeyes and kokanee?
10-15 degrees C
32
what is the young upper lethal temp for Kokanee and Sockeye salmon?
24.4 degrees C
33
What is the spawning temperature for Kokanee and Sockeye salmon?
3-11 degrees C
34
When does a dominant run occur for salmon?
every 4 years
35
What is the salmon life cycle for eggs and alevins?
female builds redd in stream, fertilized by male eggs remain in gravel throughout the winter, embryos develop eggs hatch in spring, alevins emerge, alevins stay close to redd for a few months when they become fry, they emerge from gravel
36
what are alevins?
tiny fish with the yolk sac attached
37
what is a fry?
young fish that have consumed their yolk sac
38
what is the salmon life cycle for fry?
fry swim to surface, fill their swim bladders with O, begin to feed may spend 1+ years in natal stream
39
What is the smolt stage of the salmon life cycle?
environmental cues cause fry to begin migration downstream smolting begins allow the river to take them tail-first downstream at night; larger fry swim actively towards the ocean Estuaries crucial to survival
40
what is smolting? What does it help the salmon do?
scales grow as they turn a silvery color | helps them with camouflage in the sea (countershading)
41
Why are estuaries crucial to salmon smolt survival?
allows them to adjust to marine conditions and feed heavily
42
what is the ocean stage of the salmon life cycle?
some salmon remain in coastal waters, others migrate N to feeding grounds spend 1-7 years in ocean
43
what is the spawning migration stage of the salmon life cycle?
salmon migrate to natal streams, swimming against the current once they reach freshwater, stop feeding; red muscle decrease, white muscle increase males develop kype
44
why do salmon stop feeding once they get to freshwater?
they are putting all their energy into reproduction instead of foraging and growing
45
how do salmon get their energy once they stop feeding?
energy from fat storage, muscles, and organs (except reproductive)
46
what is the kype used for?
used by males to fight for dominance
47
What is a kype?
lower jaw bone develops really fast, big hook in lower jaw
48
what is red muscle used for ?
sustained locomotion, long term movement
49
what is white muscle used for ?
short bursts of energy, not sustained
50
what is the spawning and death stage of the salmon life cycle?
upon reaching natal streams, females build redds males fight with other males for spawning rights with a female eggs and milt releases simultaneously eggs settle into gravel, female covers eggs with loose gravel pair may then build another redd upstream eventually, both males and females die, suppling the river habitat with nutrients
51
what are redds?
depressions in gravel made by female turning on her side and sing tail to dislodge stones or pebbles
52
what is milt?
the semen of a male fish
53
are salmon semalparous?
yes
54
what changed the dominant run years? how did the runs change?
Hell's Gate blockage of Fraser River in 1915 | runs changed from odd-numbered years to even-numbered years
55
can Kokanee salmon revert back to Sockeye?
yes
56
why did the Adam's River run fish disappear? also other rivers
``` commercial overfishing native overfishing parasites from farmed fish (sea lice) increasing water temperature increasing discharge ```
57
why is rising temperatures bad for salmon runs?
at 18 C, salmon have decreased salmon performance at 19C, early signs of physiological stress and slow migration 20C, high pre-spawn mortality and disease 21C, chronic exposure can lead to severe stress and easy mortality
58
why is high water discharge bad for salmon runs?
7000cms, early signs of physiological stress 8000cms, difficulty in migration delaying migration time 9000cms, barrier to migration in Hell's Gate
59
why was the 2019 salmon run so bad?
human activity coupled with a landslide in Hell's Gate | higher temps and higher water discharge (associated with global warming)
60
what is the range of time that salmons spend in the ocean?
1-8 years
61
what is the range of time that salmons spend in freshwater before going to ocean?
immediate movement to ocean-2 years in freshwater

ZOOL 405 (8 decks)

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