Seminar Questions Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
the single visual pigment in deep-sea fishes coincides with what range of wavelength of light?
A
450-500nm
2
Q
what is the octavolateris system?
A
auditory, vestibular, and lateral line systems
3
Q
bioluminescence occurs through what?
A
taking in bacteria or a chemical reaction
4
Q
what kind of fishes rely more heavily on chemical senses?
A
demersal fishes
5
Q
what kind of fishes rely more heavily on vision?
A
mesopelagic fishes
6
Q
what frequency of sound do otoliths help deep-sea fishes hear?
A
low frequencies
7
Q
what fish have highly developed olfactory systems?
A
fish that eat carrion
8
Q
what does the tapetum lucidum do in vertebrates?
A
the tapetum lucisum is a reflective surface on the eye that allows an animal to have a second chance to absorb the light. it is commonly used in nocturnal vertebrates
9
Q
what does the tapetum lucidum do in deep sea fishes particularly?
A
in deep-sea fishes, it helps them absorb wavelengths beyond 500nm. in other words, it helps them see different colours that may be unavailable to them otherwise, colors that exceed 500nm on the electromagnetic spectrum. This could mean that they can see fish that have red coloration and are trying to stay camouflaged
10
Q
how do lanternfish adapt to the deep sea?
A
they are bioluminescent, covered in photophores, especially on ventral sides of body. used for counter-illumination
11
Q
how do anglerfish adapt to the deep sea?
A
have bioluminescent lure on their head that attracts prey to them. lure is made from first spine on anterior dorsal fin. they have reduced eyesight but increased lateral line system
12
Q
how do flashlight fish adapt to deep sea?
A
bioluminescent light organ under eyes, can cover this organ with a muscular flap to avoid detection
13
Q
how does the bony-eared assfish adapt to deep sea?
A
hearing specialist. no specializations for vision or olfaction, but have huge semi-circular canals and large otoliths. reduce heavy materials in body in order to have large hearing system
14
Q
how does the cookiecutter shark adapt to deep sea?
A
bioluminescent. have light on ventral sides of bodies to lure prey
15
Q
how does the black dragonfish adapt to deep sea?
A
bioluminescent in the red lihgt area of the electromagnetic spectrum, so can have red coloration, but also have pigments in eyes that can interpret red coloration
16
Q
how does the abyssal grenadier adapt to deep sea?
A
decreases size of optic tectum and increases olfactory bulbs as it grows from larvae to adult (associated with where in the water column they are throughout ontogeny)
17
Q
what are alarm pheromones made up of?
A
an unknown mixture of chemicals
18
Q
what species will react to fathead minnow alarm pheromones?
A
pearl dace
Iowa darter
pike
19
Q
are alarm pheromones released voluntarily or involuntarily?
A
involuntarily
20
Q
what type of responses to alarm pheromones could have been secondarily evolved?
A
non-relative responses
21
Q
what can alarm pheromones facilitate?
A
rapid learning
22
Q
can the ability to produce alarm pheromones be lost in some fishes?
A
yes
23
Q
can all prey fish produce alarm pheromones?
A
no
24
Q
Interspecific reactions to alarm pheromones are a _____ behaviour?
A
learned
25
true or false? predators have not adapted a way to combat alarm pheromone labelling
false
26
what is the sender benefits hypothesis in cypriniformes alarm pheromones?
alarm pheromones confer direct benefits to the sender by attracting secondary predators that interfere with the primary predator, thus allowing a chance for the prey fish to escape
27
what is the evidence behind the sender benefit hypothesis in cypriniformes alarm pheromones?
in some areas, up to 40% of prey fish have injury scars, which suggests that escape and survival after damaging injury may be fairly common
the survival rate of prey fish increases by up to 38% when a secondary pike predator showed up to interrupt the first pike
28
what is the immune response hypothesis in cyprinriformes alarm pheromones?
the primary purpose of alarm substance cells is to protect the skin against sources of pathogens, parasites, and UV radiation. The chemical released from ruptured alarm substance cells/club cells have secondarily acquired an ecological role as alarm cues
29
what is the evidence supporting the immune response hypothesis in cypriniformes alarm substances?
when exposed to increased predation, the number of club cells did not change
when exposed tot increased concentrations of infective water mould, the number of club cells increased
when exposed to increased concentrations of parasites trematodes, the number of club cells increased
30
describe the experiment by Mathis and Smith, 1993
what does this experiment say about predator labelling with alarm pheromones?
Mathis and Smith had pike in 2 different tanks. One pike was fed fathead minnows, while the other was fed swordtails. When they injected water samples from these tanks into tanks with predator-naive fathead minnows, they found that the minnows had fright responses in tanks injected with the minnow-fed pike water, but had no response to the tanks injected with swordtail-fed pike water. Furthermore, if the minnows were exposed to minnow-pike water first, then later exposed to swordtail-pike water, the minnows had fright responses to the swordtail-pike water because they learned that pike are capable of predating on them
this shows that predator labelling goes beyond just "this is a predator". it is complex enough to say "this is a predator that eats our species".
also that predator labelling facilitates rapid learning in prey fish
31
what is gill netting?
a commercial fishing method consisting of a wall of floating mesh net placed in pelagic waters
32
what two commercial fishing methods have the most pronounced negative effect on shark species?
longlines and gillnets
33
what percentage of the global fishing catch is certified as sustainable by the MSC?
12%
34
What is high grading?
smaller fish are discarded for economic reasons
35
what are individual transferable quotas?
they give one fishery, group, or organization exclusive right to a resource, but are determined by governmental organizations
36
what is the ampullae of lorenzini?
the anatomical characteristic of elasmobranchs that is affected by magnetic fields and can potentially minimize their by catch risk
37
what general stressors may lead to delayed mortality in by catch species and how do these interact?
exposure to low light conditions, higher temperatures, extended periods of air, injury, disease
may interact to increase predation and therefore cause delayed mortality
38
what 5 general biology and life history characteristics make a species more vulnerable to overfishing? what type of species is it?
large, long-lived, slow maturation, long gestational periods, few offspring
K-selected species
39
when did sticklebacks first emerge?
10 MYA
40
what are the 3 lateral plate morphs recognized in North America?
complete, partial, and low
41
what did ninespine sticklebacks in ponds exhibit?
deeper bodies, shorter caudal peduncles, less body armour
42
In regards to lateral plates, how do marine sticklebacks and freshwater sticklebacks compare?
marine sticklebacks have more lateral plates than freshwater sticklebacks
43
what structure do freshwater sticklebacks exhibit a reduction or loss of?
pelvic spine
44
what is the freshwater influence on sticklebacks?
decreases bone mineral density
45
What are 7 hypotheses (reasons) for plate loss in sticklebacks?
```
calcium availability
cost of mineralization
salinity
gradient
maneuverability
buoyancy
predation pressure
```
46
what is the gene responsible for lateral plate production in sticklebacks?
Ectodysplasin
47
what is the gene responsible for pelvic spine production in sticklebacks?
Pitx1
48
how many times has the intramandibular joint evolved in coral reef fish?
5 times
49
what are the reasons to describe Eocene reef fishes at the family level?
Perciform families span the entire Paleogene and Neogene
they are a relatively stable taxon to base analyses on
families are often defined based on osteology
50
describe moray eel and coral grouper cooperative hunting
Coral groupers will signal to a moray eel for help after an unsuccessful hunt, showing them where their prey escaped to. the eel can fit into tiny crevasses in the corals where the grouper can't get to, and one of the fish ends up with the meal
51
what do marine triggerfish eyes posses?
both single cones and double cones
52
are larger reef fishes able to withstand the effects that higher windspeed have on the shallow waters, so it doesn't influence whether or not they hide under tabulate corals?
no
53
how many out of 10 modern Perciform families are represented in the Monte Bolca assemblage?
8/10
54
describe the effect on feeding of the intramandibular joint of squamipinnes?
increases the gape expansion for ram filter feeders and durophages
allows for the pomacanthids to bite as their jaws are protruded, creating a grab and tear stye of biting
55
describe the difference in fish family diversity between present-day reef fishes and those of the Monte Bolca assemblage
in Monte Bolca, the majority of the extant females are already present
there is a particularly high diversity of Holocentridae and Ephippidae in Monte Bolca, while their numbers are far reduced in recent reefs
Pomacentrids are far more diverse now than in the Eocene assemblage
this suggests that before the Eocene, there was a rapid evolution of traits, followed by overall stasis
56
who was one of the first people to write about fish vocalizations? What is their book called?
Aristotle, Historia Animalium
57
what does the acronym PAM stand for?
Passive Acoustic Monitoring
58
what range of sound frequencies does drumming typically produce?
75-300 Hz
59
where does our knowledge of sound production in fish come from?
Actinopterygii
60
Have sound producing mechanisms evolved independently or dependently?
independently
61
have sound producing mechanisms evolved sporadically or at frequent intervals?
sporadically
62
what are some of the fastest contraction muscles found in vertebrates?
Sonic muscles
63
what are the two types of sonic muscles?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
64
What are extrinsic sonic muscles?
they originate from a structure outside of swim bladder such as the skull
65
what are intrinsic sonic muscles?
they attach directly to the swim bladder wall
66
what are the 3 main methods of sound production in fish?
hydrodynamic, stridulation, drumming
67
what is hydrodynamic sound production?
quick changes in direction or velocity that create sounds, typically from swimming
68
what is stridulation?
sound production that involves rubbing skeletal elements together such as teeth, bones, or fin rays/spines
69
what is drumming?
sound production made by sonic muscles that cause the swim bladder to expand and contract at a rapid rate. it vibrates the swim bladder
70
what are 3 reasons for producing sound?
distress calls, courtship, species recognition
71
why do distress calls benefit an organism?
may attempt to deter predators from attacking or may warn other conspecifics to survive and hide. if the other conspecifics are closely related to emitter, then inclusive fitness may increase. distress calls may also attract other predators disrupting the predation event allowing the emitter to escape
72
how does sound production help in courtship?
to attract mates of the opposite sex in order to reproduce. the sounds may indicate body condition and potential fitness of mate. allows for choosing better mates
73
how does sound production aid in species recognition?
species that have reduced eyes or live in dark environments may benefit from being able to recognize members of their species
74
which products selectively harvested from sharks contribute most to their over-exploitation?
fins and squalene
75
what percentage of pelagic shark species are listed as threatened by the IUCN?
32%
76
how frequently are blue sharks capture in long-line operations as by catch?
35% of catches
77
true or false? the median figure of 38 million sharks finned per year is likely inaccurate
true
78
true or false? there are no sustainable shark fisheries
false
79
true or false? squalene is not known to posses any medical significance
false
80
true or false? since 2000, at least 100 million sharks have been killed each year
false
81
what percentage of the shark's body mass is harvested when finning?
5%
82
what techniques do fishing vessels often employ that result in bycatch? what do they catch?
long-line --> blue sharks disproportionately
trawling --> indiscriminate
83
what is a diffuse predator?
species that is part of a group/guild of predators while all contribute towards impacting prey species, behaviour, and distribution; they proportionally influence prey similar to other local diffuse predators
84
what is a concentrated predator?
species disproportionately influences the prey's distribution, behaviour, species pool. they can been seen as keystone species in this regard
85
if a single species of diffuse mesopredator were to go extinct, what would happen?
would have some impact on its predators and prey, but other species of contemporary diffuse predators would likely cancel out absence
86
why is the dichotomy between over-exploitation of sharks for fins/squalene and accidental capture of sharks as bycatch false?
especially in unregulated small fisheries, shark by catch will inadvertently end up being finned or kept for its liver, thus blurring the line between by catch and opportunistic catch by a fisherman
87
are seahorses strictly monogamous? within mating seasons and between seasons
no
88
describe seahorse courtship
1. initial courtship: takes place in the early morning a day or two before mating. both seahorses brighten in color, quiver, and have rapid side to side body vibrations
2. pointing and pumping: happens on day of mating. female raises her head to form an oblique angle with her body
3. pointing-pointing: males reciprocate the pointing behaviour of the females
4. rising and copulation: both male and female rise in the water column towards the surface and mating
89
where are eggs fertilized in seahorses? in what environment?
externally, but in an internal environment
90
how long is the male brood pouch open to sea water during mating?
9 seconds
91
what is the seahorse brood pouch most functionally similar to? how are these two structures similar?
mammalian uterus, acts functionally like a placenta
embryos attach to inside of pouch via a capillary network. the male provides oxygen, nutrients, and inorganic compounds, and removes waste via his blood stream
92
what are the different types of brood pouches?
individual egg compartments, pouch with plates and skin-folds, inverted enclosed pouch, fully en closed pouch
93
what geological time period are the first fossil syngnathide found in?
Eocene (50 MYA)
94
what are factors that make seahorses vulnerable to overfishing and/or habitat damage?
mate fidelity
sparse distribution
poor swimmers
small home ranges
95
What order is Echeneidae part of?
Perciformes
96
what are characteristics associated with Echeneidae?
superior mouth with jutted mandible
absence of swim bladder
elongated neurocranium with thick layer of soft tissue
97
where can remoras be found in the water column?
0-200m
98
what is the adhesive disc homologous to in several aspects in remoras?
the dorsal fin of other fishes
99
what is the reason why remoras switch from active ventilation to ram ventilation?
in response to water flow through gills exceeding the velocity threshold
100
true or false? the primary purpose of the blood vessels located beneath the adhesive is to act as a heat-sink for surrounding tissues and muscle
false
101
what is commensalism?
association between individuals of different species where one individual benefits and the other is not affected
102
how do remoras benefit from commensalism?
transportation, gill ventilation, food, protection from predators, increased chances of mating
103
when is the only time the relationship between the remora and the host is mutualistic?
when remoras clean host of parasites
104
describe the adhesive disc in stem remoras
```
located posterior to neurocranium
short
low counts of lamellae
lamellae are single, bilaterally symmetrical
spinules united with lamellae
```
105
describe the adhesive disc in modern day remoras
```
anterior location to neurocranium
long
high counts of lamellae
lamellae are in pairs
lamellae are separately ossified (autogenous)
```
106
what are control mechanisms for invasive fish?
commercial harvest
electric barriers
introduction of predators
107
what are general trends among invasive species?
generalist diet
lack of natural predators
broad environmental tolerance
108
what do round gobies act as a vector for?
Botulims type E
109
How were the Eurasian Ruffe and Round Goby introduced to Canada?
through ballast water
110
electric fishing shows what kind of taxis?
positive taxis towards stimuli
111
why were Asian Carp introduced?
as a biocontrol method in aquaculture
112
why is the Prussian carp an effective invader?
```
generalist diet
show gynogensis
reproduce quickly
stir up bottom sediments
survive in low oxygen
outcompete native species
```
113
what is eDNA?
genetic material that is shed in the water column from species
114
What does eDNA help do? how?
detect invasive fish
| finding eDNA of invasive species indicates that they are present and can also give clues about their densities
115
How many species of cichlids do scientists predict?
2000-3000
116
What are the functions of the cichlid jaw?
protrusion
brooding
ram feeding
117
where is the habitat of most cichlids?
shallow freshwater
118
the evolutionary history fo cichlid jaws are __? convergent or divergent
convergent
119
where do Cichlids originate from?
East Africa
120
what is the large diversity of cichlid fish due to?
adaptive radiation
121
what is mouth brooding?
a type of parental care
male fertilizes eggs, collect them in his mouth, and holds them until hatching
during mouth eroding, make will stop or reduce their feeding
122
what is important about researching the cichlid jaw?
adaptive radiation and explosive radiation
diet specialization
evolutionary model
123
what are the venomous groups of cartilaginous fish?
Chimaeriformes
Myliobatiformes
Siluriformes
124
what is the most used apparatus for injecting venom in fish?
pectoral fin spine
125
how many species are estimated to be venomous in recent years?
2000-3000
126
did venom in Acanthopterygii evolve once?
no
127
What species uses bioluminescence as a method of aposematic warning?
Etmopterus splendidus
128
what do stingrays vary their venom composition based on?
ontogenetic change and sex
129
what are the similarities between the venom apparatuses of stingrays and catfish?
both develop serrations on their stringers to increase their mechanical damage and the amount of venom being rubbed into the attacker
both deliver a cocktail of venom but due to the size of their serrated stingers, most reported deaths were caused by complications of puncturing wounds to vulnerable areas
130
why are boxfishes different from other members of Tetraodontiformes?
members of Tetraodontiformes are usually poisonous, not venomous, containing tetradotoxin in many intestinal parts and sometimes on skin as well
members in Ostraciidae lack/have little TTX. instead, when stressed, they can secrete pahutoxin to kill/harm every other fish around them
131
true or false? evolution of freeze avoidance evolved in fish more than once
True
132
what is stenothermy?
only surviving in a narrow range of temperatures
133
what property makes the freezing point of seawater lower than the freezing point of pure water?
freezing point depression
134
how to antifreeze glycoproteins work?
antifreeze agents do not prevent all ice crystal growth, so are not preventing all freezing
they bind to tiny ice crystals, surrounding the entire ice crystal surface
ice crystals cannot grow larger, so do not pose risk of tissue damage or blocking small capillaries
135
what is the lipid membrane composition of cold-adapted fish? why?
high unsaturated
| to increase flexibility of the lipid membrane
136
why dod Notothenioides have lowered levels of hemoglobin
there is ample oxygen in cold Antarctic waters, reducing need for oxygen-carrying molecules
less hemoglobin makes blood less viscous, increasing ease of blood circulation in cold water
137
what is another name for antifreeze glycoproteins?
ice-binding protein
138
why do Notothenioides have a lower cardiac capacity than temperate fishes?
due to lower levels of blood hemoglobin and myoglobin
139
how do Notothenioides compensate for lowered cardiac capacity?
increasing oxygen transport through bloodstream
high blood volume
high blood flow rate
large hearts to pump high volumes of blood
environmental compensation: cold Antarctic waters rich in oxygen
140
what does exsanguination mean?
shark kills its prey by draining all the prey's blood
141
other than great white sharks, what other animals exhibit sky-hopping behaviour?
cetaceans and black-tip reef sharks
142
what is the White Shark Cafe?
the name for the suggested meeting grounds for Great White shark meeting
143
what are Great White shark mating behaviours?
lekking
biting
males diving deep and surfacing quickly
144
how does threat display work in great white sharks?
sharks slap water with tails
145
true or false? Great White sharks spend less days travelling than they do at one location
True
146
What are the steps of the predation cycle? describe it
1. Investigation: shark swims slowly towards prey and goes just past it, then turns around with a slight change of speed
2. pursuit: shark jumps out of water and accelerates quickly along the surface of the water towards the prey with its jaws open ready to attack
3. prey capture: shark grasps and bites the prey
4. prey handling: shark carries prey in mouth and thrashes about to remove flesh
5. feeding: shark consumed prey
6. release: when the shark is finished eating it releases the carcass and swims away
147
what is the migration pattern for Great White Sharks of the Eastern Pacific?
sharks migrate between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii. they are nearshore between the months of August and January and in pelagic waters between February and July. They start off migration in January near the Baja California Peninsula and by May have reached Hawaii. Some sharks will migrate to the White Shark Cafe to mate. Then they are back in coastal waters by July again. They spend 41 days travelling, 177 in coastal waters, 147 days in pelagic waters over the course of a year
148
how much is the Atlantic salmon farming industry worth?
10 Billion
149
what are problems associated with cage farming?
disease
high transportation costs
contamination of the environment
150
what does RAS stand for in fish farming?
Recirculation Aquaculture System
151
which country produces and consumes the highest amount of fish in the world?
Asia
152
What are fish farms in Alberta primarily used for ?
supplying fishing ponds for recreational use
153
what are fish farms in Alberta structured as?
pond systems
154
True or False? disease is a major problem with RAS
False
155
what is integrated fish farming?
combing irrigation ditches or pond farming with another kind of agriculture like livestock or crops
156
how can integrated fish farming reduce agriculture costs?
using the manure from livestock to feed the fish or lowering the amount of pests on the crops of suing the fish waste to fertilize the crops
157
what is the impact of cage farming on the environment?
waste from the fish contaminants the water, the high concentration of fish lower the amount of oxygen in the water and the food pellets are released in the water and can cause eutrophication
158
what is the impact of irrigation ditches and ponds on the environment?
they need to be supplied with oxygenated water so they use a lot of water to maintain and they alter the surrounding environment for example increasing the amount of mosquitos
159
what feeding apparatus do all filter feeding sharks use?
gill raker
160
how is the gill raker modified in filter feeding sharks?
modified into filtering pads in whale shark and papillae in basking shark and megamouth shark
161
what are the two methods of filter feeding?
ram filter feeding and suction filter feeding
162
what is ram filter feeding?
swimming forward with the mouth open, no need for active movement
163
what is suction filter feeding?
drag water into the mouth by creating a pressure difference by active mouth movement
164
is the whale shark dependent on the ram filter feeding style?
no
165
does the megamouth shark have a protrusible mouth for pulsatile suction feeding?
no
166
during engulfment filter feeding, ___ of elastic skin around the pharynx region ceases when the _____ cavity if fully filled with water and prey
distension, buccopharyngeal
167
where is lunge feeding seen?
baleen whales
168
why do some people thing that filter feeding evolved independently?
filter feeding isn't common among sharks, but ram feeding and suction feeing are observed in other shark groups, and those feeding styles might be the ancestral conditions
molecular phylogeny agreed with tendency to have ancestral suction feeding in Orectolobiformes, whereas ram feeding is seen in Lamniformes
it does make sense if filter feeding is derived and evolved independently after obtaining either ram or suction feeding
169
describe the feeding methods of the Megamouth shark suggested by Nakaya et al.
1. resting phase: mouth is closed and upper and lower jaws are retracted
2. suction phase: mouth slightly open and mouth floor lowered
3. ram suction phase: protrusive mouth and huge gape create more flows of water coming into buccopharyngeal cavity
4. Engulfment phase: elastic skin of pharynx region distends mouth cavity until it is fully willed with water and prey
5. back to resting phase: upper and lower jaw retracts to the resting position, expelling water through gill slits
170
what is lunge feeding also known as?
Engulfment filter feeding
171
what are examples of Troglomorphic adaptations?
loss of pigmentation
loss of eyes
larger appendages
172
what is significant about the Cave Angelfish?
has a tetrapod like girdle
173
where have cavefish NOT been found?
Canada
174
are cavefish monophyletic?
no
175
can troglomorphic organisms survive at surface conditions?
no
176
true or false? cranial asymmetry in cavefish is not developed in juveniles
true
177
how does the mechanosensory system aid cavefish to live in a dark environment?
lateral line senses pressure with the help of neuromasts. cave morphs have increased neuromasts compared to surface morphs. side of head that follows cave wall have the most neuromasts - main sensory system in these fish
178
how does the chemosensory system aid cavefish to live in a dark environment?
olfactory - increased olfactory sensitivity via increased olfactory sacs in nares. nares have also increased surface area. olfactory lobes in brain also larger
taste - tastebuds on lips, tongue, pharynx, gill arches, head. 5-7 more tastebuds. tastebuds are more sensitive due to increased receptor cell innervations
179
how is circadian rhythm being studied in cavefish?
cave fish altered circadian rhythm is being studied with respect to human sleeping patterns and people with sleeping disorders
180
how is hypocretin production being studied in cavefish?
high in cave morphs, also high in people with sleep narcolepsy
181
how is cortisol being studied in cavefish?
cave morphs have high cortisol levels. cortisol is an anxiety hormone found in people as well. studies why cave morphs have such high cortisol are trying to link this to people with anxiety
182
what 3 ways are cavefish being studied to help people?
Circadian rhythm, hypocretin production, cortisol
183
what larger group are flatfish part of?
Carangimorpha
184
What are Amphistium and Heteronectes?
stem Pleuonectiformes
185
where did flatfish originate from?
Indo-West Pacific
186
Is pleuronectiformes a monophyletic clade?
yes
187
what is required to use both eyes with partial cranial asymmetry?
head lifting
188
most of the diversification of flatfish occurred when in relation to dispersal to new regions and habitats?
before
189
what is incomplete cranial asymmetry?
where the eye has migrated dorsally, but has not passed the dorsal margin.
190
what is the advantage to incomplete cranial asymmetry?
symmetry using one eye to look up for predators and using one eye to search for food simultaneously when head lifting
191
what is complete cranial asymmetry?
where one eye has migrated past the dorsal margin onto the other side of the head leaving one side with both eyes
192
what is the advantage to complete cranial asymmetry?
binocular vision and not requiring head lifting to use both eyes
193
what is the significance of Amphistium and Heteronectes?
fossil forms of stem Pleuronectiformes
both have intermediate condition for cranial asymmetry
represent a transitional form showing how cranial asymmetry evolved in early in flatfish
