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ZOOL 405 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

that characteristics of water do you have to consider when swimming?

A

800x denser than air, viscous, incompressible

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2
Q

what does a fish expend energy doing when swimming?

A

movement, not keeping themselves buoyant

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3
Q

that are the 2 types of body drag?

A

frictional and pressure

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4
Q

what is lift?

A

right angle to direction of motion - created by moving

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5
Q

what is angle of attack?

A

angle between axis of object and plane of movement

the steeper the angle of attack, the more drag on body

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6
Q

what is propulsion?

A

the action of pushing forward

needed to overcome drag

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7
Q

what are the sources of drag?

A

tail drag and body drag

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8
Q

how do fish overcome tail drag?

A

increase ratio of lift to drag –> change the aspect ratio of tail

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9
Q

what is aspect ratio?

A

height to mean distance between anterior and posterior edges

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10
Q

what is a high aspect ratio tail good for? what does it look like?

A

gliding and long distances
long and thin
good for propulsion, doesn’t take as much E to push forward

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11
Q

what is a low aspect ratio tail good for? what does it look like?

A

move around easily

short and broad

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12
Q

what is frictional drag?

A

comes from friction between the fluid and the surfaces over which it is flowing

proportional to SA

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13
Q

what is pressure drag?

A

air particles being more compressed on the front-facing surfaces and more spaced out on the back surfaces
caused when the layers of air separate away from the surface and begin to swirl

proportional to cross section

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14
Q

what component of water causes pressure drag?

A

viscosity of water

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15
Q

what type of aspect ratio is good for reducing drag?

A

high aspect ratio

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16
Q

what is body drag?

A

drag that comes form side to side movement of body

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17
Q

how do you reduce frictional drag?

A

reduce surface area

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18
Q

how do you reduce pressure drag?

A

reduce cross sectional area (volume)

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19
Q

how do you minimize surface area? what happens to drag?

A

being spherical

increase pressure drag, decrease frictional drag

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20
Q

how do you minimize volume? what happens to drag?

A

being long and skinny

increase frictional drag, decrease pressure drag

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21
Q

what is the best shape for a fish to be? (pelagic fish) why?

A

4.5x as long as maximum diameter

reduces both frictional drag and pressure drag optimally

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22
Q

why are reef fish under different constraints for body shape?

A

they hover more than they swim

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23
Q

what are the passive functions for fins? which fins do this?

A

forming angle of attack - lift (pectoral fins)
dorsal/anal –> keels (roll)
posterior fins –> pitch
Anterior fins –> yaw

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24
Q

what does lift do?

A

prevents tipping

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25
what is roll?
rotation around longitudinal axis | side to side rotating motion
26
what is pitch?
rotation around the lateral axis | up and down motion
27
what is yaw?
rotation around the perpendicular axis | side to side motion
28
what are the active functions for fins?
``` adjust depth contract gill ventilation propulsion breaking turning steering ```
29
what is anguilliform motion?
propulsion by muscle wave in the body of the animal which progresses from head to tail ex. eel
30
what is carangiform/thunniform motion?
oscillating tail fin and caudal peduncle | ex. salmon, tuna, swordfish
31
what is ostraciiform motion?
oscillating only caudal fin without moving the body | ex. boxfish
32
how does a fish's musculature make them move?
alternating contractions of body musculature on either side of the body
33
what does red muscle have a lot of/what makes it red?
lots fo hemoglobin
34
what is red muscle used for?
aerobic metabolism cruise swimming sustained for hours
35
what is white muscle used for?
anaerobic metabolism burst swimming short periods of time
36
what builds up when white muscle is used?
lactic acid
37
how does the vertebral column help fish move?
withstands compression allows muscle contractin joints between each centrum and the next (amphicoelous, have zygopoohyses to prevent dorsoventral movement)
38
what is amphicoelous vertebrae?
hollows on either side
39
how does the caudal skeleton help fish move?
support for fin rays | forward thrust, rudder/steering
40
what is a heterocercal tail used for?
lift (buoyancy)
41
what is a homocercal tail used for?
propulsion
42
what fins are used for propulsion?
all except pelvic
43
what is undulatory locomotion?
characterized by wave-like movement of patterns | essentially anguilliform swimming on land
44
what is tripod walking?
using paired fins and tail to walk on seafloor
45
How do Gasteropelecus spp. fly? what allows them to do so?
leave the water on short flights, flapping pectoral fins both during taxiing and in flight extremely well-developed pectoral muscles that make up 25% of body weight most of fin beating is devoted to hydroplaning rather than true flight
46
what is hydroplaning?
lifting most of body out of water to reduce overall drag
47
What family of fish fly?
Exocoetidae
48
what is the difference between 2 wingers and 4 wingers in Exocoetidae?
2-wingers have enlarged pectoral fins that are lifting surfaces 4-wingers use both pectoral and pelvic fins; hypertrophied
49
what is hypertrophy
enlargement of an organ from the increase of in size of cells
50
how do the Exocoetidae fly?
jump out of water, drop tail back into water, tail wiggles for a long time, then take off and fly
51
What are the Exocoetidae characteristics that help them fly?
head and body are cigar-shaped, with a pronounced squared-off cross section flat-bottomed body for extra lift, or functions as the hull of a flying boat to aid take-off all have large swim bladders --> low density for flight have heavy musculature distinctly asymmetrical, hypocercal tail huge pectoral wings
52
why do Exocoetidae have large swim bladders?
consequence of heavy musculature and size of dense structures, so need larger space to achieve neutral buoyancy
53
do Exocoetidae have a hypocercal tail, technically?
technically, no, since the hypocercal tail they have is based on fin rays their internal skeleton hasn't changed from a homocercal tail
54
what are the broad two-winger and four-winger characteristics that help them achieve flight?
pectoral girdle considerably enlarged with coracoid and scapula hypertrophied modified pectoral fin rays
55
how does the coracoid in 2-wingers/4-wingers help them fly?
medial and lateral surfaces of the heavily calcified coracoid provide large surface areas for the origins of the pectoral musculature
56
how does the scapula in 2-wingers/4-wingers help them fly?
scapula articulation with the pectoral fin is such that it tightens the fin membrane and tugs the leading edge of the wing ventrally, creating a cambered aerofoil section
57
how are the 2-winger/4-winger pectoral fin rays modified?
lepitotrichia are v-shaped in cross section each hemitricsia bound together only anteriorly rearmost fin rays, the v-shapes broaden, overlap and are bound together proximally; move in unison as a single plate, following motion of anterior rays two most anterior fin rays bound together with interlocking V's to form a stiff learning edge to the wing in general, proximal halves of fin rays are rigid, distal halves are flexible and dichotomously branched
58
what characteristics do the 4-wingers have to help them fly?
L and R pelvic girdles with tendons symphysis when pulled forward by extensor muscles, the fin expands as the cartilaginous bases of the rays are spread around the whole of the available joint perimeter expanded pelvic is much flatter than the cambered pectoral fun and is also held at a lesser angle of attack
59
what produces the whining or thrumming sound of Exocoetidae during the taxiing phase of flight?
generated by pectoral fin fluttering caused by the coupling together of the contraction of the axial muscles in the production of tail movements, and the action of the pectoral muscles in moving the pectoral fin rays
60
do Exocoetidae have directional control?
there is evidence that they tend to take off into the wind, but how they identify wind direction when submerged is unknown (maybe using pressure differences sensed by the lateral line or visual cues provides by the underside of water surface?
61
how does direction after take off work in Exocoetidae?
fish follow the surfaces of wave trains and apparently avoid crashing into wave crests two schools of thought exist - autostability - 4-wingers control flight direction by use of pectoral and/or pelvic musculature
62
what is autostability?
no matter what happens, these fish are able to maintain stability stability based on anatomy
63
What characteristics of Exocoetidae contribute to their auto stability and what do they provide?
pectoral fins at shoulder make their centre of gravity below the centre of pressure --> prevents roll hypocercal caudal fin, dorsal fin, and body side area posterior to wings and centre of gravity provide stability against yawing flexible wing root provide stability in pitch
64
what does good directional control in 4-wingers imply?
implies an ability to see well in air --> cornea is flattened
65
how are pelvics used as air breaks in 4-wingers?
curve body and actively dip tail prior to renewed tail flapping in water
66
what is jet propulsion and how does it work?
1. forcibly expelled a large mass of water 2. expand to take in more water for additional thrust pulsed water jets generate large thrust forces for a given mass of water expelled modified gill arches, narrowed, to use the ejection of water from breathing to propel them through the water

ZOOL 405 (8 decks)

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