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ZOOL 405 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the superorders within Acanthomorpha?

A

Lapridiomorpha
Polymixiomorpha
Paracanthopterygii
Acanthopterygii

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2
Q

What characterizes Acanthomorpha?

A

true fin spines in dorsal, anal, and pelvic (except in Lapridiomorpha)

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3
Q

What are the orders within Paracanthopterygii?

A

Percopsiformes
Gadiformes
Lophiiformes

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4
Q

What is the family and species of Percopsiformes that is present in AB?

A

Percopsidae, Percopsis omiscomaycus

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5
Q

what are the trout characteristics of the trout-perch?

A

adipose fin, one dorsal fin, no teeth

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6
Q

what are the perch characteristics of the trout-perch?

A

fin spines, maxilla excluded from upper jaw margin, pelvic below pectoral, ctenoid scales

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7
Q

what are the advanced characters of Gadiformes?

A

thoracic or jugular pelvic fins, protractile premaxilla in some, physoclistous swim bladder

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8
Q

what are the primitive characters of Gadiformes?

A

no spines, cycloid scales

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9
Q

what is the habitat of Gadiformes?

A

benthic marine, with one species in freshwater

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10
Q

what order has antifreeze glycoproteins?

A

Gadiformes

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11
Q

what species of Gadiformes is present in AB?

A

Lota lota

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12
Q

Microgadus tomcod order, habitat, and characteristics

A

Gadiformes
can spawn in freshwater, freshwater populations known

3 dorsal fins, 2 anal fins, pelvic fins thoracic

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of Lophiiformes?

A

first dorsal spine is modified into a lure

pelvics in front of pectorals (jugular) or absent

small gill openings for jet propulsion

deep marine

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14
Q

what is the illicium?

A

the ‘rod’ of the Lophiiformes lure

bioluminescent esca on the end

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15
Q

what is the esca?

A

the ‘bait’ of the Lophiiformes lure

has bioluminescent bacteria

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16
Q

what defines the Acanthopterygii?

A

well-developed ascending process of premaxilla –> upper jaw more mobile than other teleosts
max. 1 spine and 5 rays in pelvic fins

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17
Q

What groups are present in Acanthopterygii?

A

Mugilomorpha
Atherinomorpha
Percomorpha

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18
Q

What order/family is within Mugilomorpha?

A

Mugiliformes, Mugilidae

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19
Q

what characteristics are present in Mugilomorpha

A

ctenoid scales

pelvic and pectoral girdles not connected

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20
Q

What orders are present in Atherinomorpha?

A

Atheriniformes, Beloniformes, Cyprinodontiformes

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21
Q

what characterizes Atherinomorpha?

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A

unique premaxilla/maxilla articulation

not a ball and socket joint, can’t lock jaws open

22
Q

what is the biology of Beloniformes

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A

live close to surface of water, feed on algae, plankton, smaller animals
most marine, some brackish

23
Q

what fin position indicates good acceleration?

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A

dorsal and anal fins posteriorly placed

24
Q

what order has gynogenesis?

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A

Cyprinodontiformes

25
what is gynogenesis?
sperm needed for activation of egg, but DNA not used
26
where are Cyprinodontiformes found?
in harsh environments
27
what species of Cyprinodontiformes have been introduced to AB? where?
Gambusia affinis Poecilia latipinna Cave and Basin hotsprings area, Banff
28
what distance is the photic zone in the water column?
surface - 300m
29
what distance is the twilight zone in the water column?
300m - 1000/2000m
30
what distance is the abyssal zone in the water column?
below 2000m
31
what is refraction?
direction of light altered at boundary of different media
32
what is the scattering effect?
particles in water reflect light, particularly bad in turbulent water creates a blinding effect that obscured vision
33
what type of lens do fishes have? Why?
large round lens | to create a gradient of refraction to sharpen the focus, since the cornea doesn't help refract the light onto the retina
34
why doesn't the cornea help refract light onto the cornea?
because the cornea is the same density as water and thus doesn't refract
35
why do fish have to move the whole lens of the eye?
because the lens can't change shape
36
if you want to see something close, what do you do to the lens if you are a fish? what about far?
pull the lens closer to the object to see something closer, further away from the retina to see something far, pull the lens away from the object, closer to the retina
37
why are fish pupils always at a maximum size?
because there is limited light in water so they want to absorb all the light they can
38
if a fish lives in shallow water, how do they adapt to their pupils always being at a maximum size?
they have an eye flap
39
what is the eye flap in fish?
covers over eye to reduce light
40
what is the purpose of the cornea? what does it look like?
protects front of eye | thick and transparent, curved
41
why do deep sea fishes have yellow corneas?
to filter out shorter wavelengths and increase visual acuity - contrast between bioluminescence and blue background illumination
42
what is the spectacle? what organisms have this? what is the purpose of this?
a clear cover over cornea benthic fishes, lampreys purpose is to protect eye
43
what are the kinds of photoreceptors? what are they used for?
cones and rods cones - color rods - contrast, dim light
44
what type of photoreceptors do deep sea fishes have?
rods only, numbers increased drastically over other fishes
45
what is the tapetum lucidum? How does it work?
behind retina, increases the light to retina reflective layer light comes in and hits retina, then hits the tapetum lucidum, which reflects the light back onto the retina the organism can see the same light twice, so increases vision in dark environments
46
what is the disadvantage of the tapetum lucidum?
visible to predators
47
What is the four-eye fish (Anableps anableps) eye like?
divided eyes, can see in air and water double retina, double iris, 2 pupils dorsal part of eye is adapted to vision in air, ventral part is adapted to vision in water eye flap shields upper part, prevents reflected light from water going into upper pupil upper part of lens flattened upper pupil brings light to the lower retina, lower pupil brings light to the upper retina
48
how does the 4-winger adapt its vision for flying?
has large eyes and triangular head cross section allows downwards field of view cornea is flattened so that it permits focusing in both air and water
49
where are tubular eyes used?
dim light, mesopelagic zone
50
what is the advantage of tubular eyes? how do they do this?
increases the amount of light into the eyes they have a main retina for near vision and accessory retinae for distance the accessory retinae are on the sides of the tube eye

ZOOL 405 (8 decks)

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