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Bio 1350 > Lecture 14: From one cell to an organism > Flashcards

Lecture 14: From one cell to an organism Flashcards

1. Introduce the field of developmental biology 2. Review cell processes essential for the making of an organism 3. Uncover the value of studying model organisms to illuminate conserved mechanisms in development 4. Understand major events in embryonic development 5. Understand the different approaches to study development

1
Q

embryology

A

from one cell to an organism

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2
Q

tissue homeostasis

A

ability to replace old tissue with new

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3
Q

aging

A

decline in tissue functions

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4
Q

cell proliferation

A

producing many cells from one (multiple divisions)

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5
Q

cell specialization (differentiation)

A

creating cells with different characteristics

driven by differential gene expression

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6
Q

cell interaction (communication)

A

coordinating the behavior of one cell with that of its neighbors

cell-cell signaling

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7
Q

cell movement

A

rearranging the cells to form structured tissues and organs

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8
Q

major events of embryonic development

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Neurulation
  5. Organogenesis
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9
Q

fertilization

A

unites two haploid genomes (half of chromosomes), forming the diploid (2 sets of chromosomes)

one sperm fertilizes one egg (oocyte) - haploid nucleus (23 chromosomes)

activates embryonic development - driven by maternal components -> materials deposited in the egg by the mother

the embryo makes its own gene products later

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10
Q

oocyte (egg) maternal components

A

haploid nucleus (23 chromosomes)
biosynthetic machinery
mitochondria - energy
information (mRNAs and proteins)
essential for early embryonic development - stored in cytoplasm of oocyte

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11
Q

sperm

A

haploid nucleus (23 chromosomes in human)
centrosome (microtubule organizing center) MTOC
activates development when it enters the egg

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12
Q

cleavage

A

special type of cell division without cell growth

lacks G1 and G2 phases

cleavage divisions rely on maternal components

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13
Q

cleavage produces…

A

cleaving cells are called blastomeres (in some organisms, blastomeres can give rise to any cell type; others more specialized)

at the end of cleavage, the embryo is called a blastula

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14
Q

gastrulation

A

reorganizes the embryo and results in three distinct germ layers: endoderm (inside), mesoderm (middle), and ectoderm (outside) which give rise to the different cell types

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15
Q

morphogenesis

A

gastrulation is the first morphogenetic event in embryogenesis

morphogenesis refers to the generation of organized forms

morphogenesis is based on different behaviors or cells

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16
Q

what are the three major body axes that are established during gastrulation?

A

anterior-posterior (head/tail)
dorsal-ventral (back/belly)
left-right (lateral)

17
Q

neurulation

A

neural tube + neural crest formation; only happens in vertebrates

neural tube gives rise to the central nervous system (brain and spinal chord)

neural crest cells (give rise to the peripheral nervous system and other cell types - melanocytes)

another major morphogenic event in embryogenesis

18
Q

steps of the neural tube formation

A
  1. shaping - ectoderm thickens
  2. folding - ectoderm begins to invaginate and fold
  3. elevation
  4. convergence - forming of neural tube
  5. closure -> neural crest
19
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs
internal organs (heart, kidney, lung, liver)
limbs (fins, arms, legs)
sensory organs (eyes, ears)

branching morphogenesis (kidney) -> tightly controlled by signalling & gene expression

anorther morphogenetic event

20
Q

descriptive embryology

A

observing embryo divsion

21
Q

fate mapping (lineage tracing)

A

label one or a group of cells ealry during development, and monitor what they become later

22
Q

experimental embryology

A

experimentally manipulate the embryo: remove, rearrange, transplant, or grow part in isolation, etc.

can be done through cut or cut-paste (transplantation)

22
Q

developmental genetics

A

the study of mutants

possible in organisms that are amenable for genetic analysis, such as worm, fly, mouse, zebrafish

22
Q

comparative embryology

A

how does evolution & development work together

compares the developmental processes of different orgnaisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved

Bio 1350 (23 decks)

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