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Microbiology Final > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the anatomical features of the skin?

A

Skin Layers
• Epidermis – Outer, no blood; keratin, pigment, immune, touch
• Dermis – Middle; blood, hair, nerves, glands, strength
• Hypodermis – Deep; fat, insulation, cushion

Integumentary Includes:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Functions: Protection, sensation, temp regulation, vitamin D, excretion

The epidermis is the outer layer of skin, replaced every 25-45 days.

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2
Q

What is the protein that protects the skin from damage?

A

Keratin

Keratin is a fibrous protein found in the skin, hair, and nails.

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3
Q

What is the role of sebum in skin health?

A

Sebum has a low pH that helps protect the skin

Sebum is produced by sebaceous glands.

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4
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of MRSA skin infection?

A

Red, raised, tender skin lesions with pus and heat; fever common

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6
Q

How is MRSA transmitted?

A

Common contaminant of surfaces

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7
Q

What diagnostic methods are used for MRSA infection?

A

PCR, blood agar

Any staph that is coagulase + is S. aureus

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8
Q

What is the primary prevention method for MRSA infections?

A

Good hygiene

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9
Q

What is the treatment for MRSA infections?

A

Vancomycin

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10
Q

What is a maculopapular rash?

A

A red rash that starts on the head and spreads to the trunk and extremities

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11
Q

What is the causative organism of measles?

A

Measles virus

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12
Q

What is the vaccine available for measles?

A

MMR and MMRV

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13
Q

How are the symptoms of rubella?

A

Mild unless fetus is exposed (congenital rubella syndrome)

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14
Q

What virus causes Fifth Disease?

A

Parvovirus B19

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15
Q

What is the causative organism of Roseola?

A

Human herpesvirus HHV-6

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16
Q

What are common methods of transmission for maculopapular rash diseases?

A

Droplet contact

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17
Q

What distinguishes measles from rubella?

A

Measles rash spreads more widely and lasts longer

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18
Q

What is impetigo?

A

A superficial infection causing skin to flake, caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes

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19
Q

Study hard !

A

get THE A

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20
Q

What are the causative organisms of chickenpox?

A

Human herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster virus)

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21
Q

What is the most common mode of transmission for smallpox?

A

Droplet contact, indirect contact

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22
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of chickenpox lesions?

A

Superficial and centripetal distribution

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23
Q

What is the treatment for chickenpox in high-risk cases?

24
Q

What is leishmaniasis?

Study These Flashcards
A

A zoonosis transmitted by female sand flies

25
What is the causative organism of cutaneous anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
26
What are the common modes of transmission for cutaneous anthrax?
Direct contact with endospores
27
What are the virulence factors of cutaneous anthrax?
Endospore formation; capsule, lethal factor, edema factor
28
What is conjunctivitis commonly known as?
Pinkeye
29
What are the causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis.
30
What is the most common mode of transmission for viral conjunctivitis?
Direct and indirect contact
31
What is keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea
32
What are the causative agents of keratitis?
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, bacteria, acanthamoeba
33
What is the treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis?
Topical and oral antibiotics ##footnote Antibiotic resistant N. gonorrhoeae is in Urgent Threat category in CDC antibiotic resistance report.
34
What causes bacterial vs. viral conjunctivitis? What’s the discharge like?
Bacterial: Caused by bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis.); thick yellow/green discharge Viral: Caused by viruses such as Adenovirus; watery/clear discharge
35
Pathogenesis and virulence factors of MRSA?
*Coagulase – an enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot, helping the bacteria evade the immune system. *Tissue-degrading enzymes – break down connective tissues, allowing the bacteria to spread through the body. *Adhesion proteins – help MRSA stick to host cells and tissues, promoting colonization and infection.
36
What is the most common method of transmission for Measles?
Droplet contact ## Footnote Measles spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
37
What are the virulence factors of the Measles virus?
Syncytium formation, ability to suppress CMI ## Footnote Syncytium formation allows the virus to evade the immune response by merging infected cells.
38
How is Measles diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis; ELISA or PCA ## Footnote ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and PCA (Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test) are laboratory methods used for confirmation.
39
What is the prevention method for Measles?
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV) ## Footnote The MMR vaccine protects against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella.
40
What is the treatment for Measles?
No antivirals; vitamin A, antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections ## Footnote Vitamin A is recommended to reduce complications associated with measles.
41
What are the distinguishing features of the Measles rash?
Starts on head, spreads to whole body, lasts over a week ## Footnote The rash typically appears 3-5 days after the onset of symptoms.
42
What is the causative organism of Rubella?
Rubella virus ## Footnote Rubella is caused by the Rubella virus, which is a Togavirus.
43
What is the most common method of transmission for Rubella?
Droplet contact ## Footnote Rubella spreads similarly to measles, through respiratory droplets.
44
What are the virulence factors associated with Rubella in fetuses?
Inhibition of mitosis, induction of apoptosis, and damage to vascular endothelium ## Footnote These factors contribute to congenital rubella syndrome.
45
How is Rubella diagnosed?
Acute IgM, acute/convalescent IgG ## Footnote Serological tests detect specific antibodies to confirm Rubella infection.
46
What is the prevention method for Rubella?
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV) ## Footnote The MMR vaccine also protects against Measles and Mumps.
47
What are the distinguishing features of the Rubella rash?
Milder red rash, lasts approximately 3 days ## Footnote The rash typically starts on the face and spreads downward.
48
What is the causative organism of Fifth Disease?
Parvovirus B19 ## Footnote Parvovirus B19 is known for causing Fifth Disease, particularly in children.
49
What is the most common method of transmission for Fifth Disease?
Droplet contact, direct contact ## Footnote The virus can spread through respiratory secretions and blood.
50
How is Fifth Disease typically diagnosed?
Usually diagnosed clinically ## Footnote The characteristic rash and symptoms often lead to a clinical diagnosis.
51
What are the distinguishing features of the Fifth Disease rash?
“Slapped cheeks” rash on face Ability to remain latent ## Footnote The virus can remain dormant in the body after infection.
52
What are the distinguishing features of the Roseola rash?
High fever recedes rash stage; rash not always present ## Footnote The rash usually appears after the fever subsides.
53
What is the initial feature of the Roseola rash?
Appears suddenly after a high fever breaks (this is a key clue). Starts as small pink or rose-colored spots or patches, usually: ## Footnote The rash's appearance is often dramatic and distinct in children.
54
What is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?
Trimethoprim/polymyxin B for routine cases. Azithromycin or levofloxacin for serious cases.
55
What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis?
None, although antibiotics often given because the type of infection is not distinguished.

Microbiology Final (19 decks)

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