Lecture 18 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the two main systems discussed in this lecture?
Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
These systems are crucial for bodily functions and defenses.
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Provides oxygen and nutrients, carries away carbon dioxide and waste
This system includes blood vessels and the heart.
What is the flow direction of the lymphatic system?
One way flow
The lymphatic system is responsible for immune system fluids.
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four chambers
The heart has two halves, each with two chambers.
What is the role of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
Carry oxygen away from the heart under high pressure
Arteries branch into smaller arterioles.
What connects arterioles to venules?
Capillaries
Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.
What type of system is the cardiovascular system considered?
Highly Defensive
It protects against microbes gaining access to the entire body.
What is the difference between closed and open systems in terms of microbiota?
Closed systems have no access to the external environment
There is speculation about microbes existing in healthy individuals’ cardiovascular systems.
What percentage of the world’s population is at risk for malaria?
40%
Malaria poses significant global health risks.
What are common signs and symptoms of malaria after incubation?
Malaise, fatigue, vague aches, nausea, chills, fever, sweating
Symptoms appear after 10-16 days of incubation.
What is the causative agent of malaria?
Protozoa, specifically plasmodium species
Of the 200 species, only 5 affect humans.
Which plasmodium species is considered the worst for malaria?
P. Falciparum
This species is known for its severe effects.
What is a serious complication of malaria that affects the brain?
Cerebral malaria
Small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed.
What is the main vector for malaria transmission?
Female Anopheles mosquito
Mosquito control is crucial for prevention.
What is the causative agent of HIV?
Retrovirus in the genus Lentivirus
HIV affects the immune system, leading to AIDS.
What are common symptoms associated with HIV?
Fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, opportunistic infections
Symptoms are tied to the level of virus and T cells in the blood.
What is the threshold for diagnosing AIDS in terms of helper T cells?
Below 200 cells per microliter of blood
Also, T cells must be lower than 14% of all lymphocytes.
What are the symptoms of endocarditis?
Fever, weakness, fatigue, abnormal heartbeat, joint pain, edema
Symptoms vary between acute and subacute forms.
What is septicemia?
Organisms actively multiplying in the blood
It commonly presents with fever and altered mental state.
What historical impact did the plague have?
Killed 100 million people in the 6th century
The bubonic plague is notably transmitted through flea bites.
What is tularemia known for?
One of the most infectious of all bacteria
It poses a significant health risk due to its high infectivity.
What is a key characteristic of Lyme disease?
Slow acting and mimics neuromuscular conditions
It can evade the immune system by switching antigens constantly.
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr Virus
This disease is also known as the kissing disease.
What are the symptoms of hemorrhagic fever?
Extreme fevers with hemorrhaging
All are caused by RNA enveloped viruses, many transmitted by Aedes mosquito.
