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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 16: Histology of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Histology of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

4 Functions of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Maintenance of adequate blood flow (cardiac output)
  2. Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and water to peripheral tissues
  3. Removal of CO2 and other metabolic waste products
  4. Maintenance of normal thermoregulation and glomerular filtration rate -> urine output
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2
Q

Normal vascular pattern

A

Artery - arteriole - metarteriole - capillaries - venule - vein

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

Endothelial lining of the heart chamber surface. Also covers the surface of valves. The subendocardium contains a thin layer of connective tissue.

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4
Q

Where are purkinje fibers found?

A

.Subendocardium

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle mass

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6
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Formed by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells, the mesothelium, supported by connective tissue including fat.
  • A similar mesothelial layer lines the opposing parietal surface of the pericardial sac
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7
Q

What lubricates the movement of the epicardium on the opposite parietal pericardium?

A

Mesothelial cells

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8
Q

The epicardium represents what layer of the pericardial sac?

A

Visceral

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9
Q

What is cardiac muscle called?

A

Mycardium

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10
Q

Is myocardium cross-striated?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Nucleus of myocardium

A

Single, centrally located

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12
Q

The intercalated discs of myocardium

A
  • gap junctions

- anchoring junctions

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13
Q

Myocardium contains what pigment

A

lipofuscin

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14
Q

Mitochondria in myocardium?

A

Yes, many.

Up to 20% cell volume

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15
Q

Because there are a lot of mitochondria in myocardium,

A

it requires a lot of O2

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16
Q

Epicardium is contiguous with the endocardium at the level of the

A

endocardial cushion

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17
Q

The cardiac skeleton consists of

A

4 bands of fibrous connective tissue that encircles the base of the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and AV valves

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18
Q

Purpose of the cardiac skeleton

A

Provides structural support to the heart

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19
Q

Fibrous trigon

A
  • Triangular mass of fibrous connective tissue

- Connects the aortic arterial ring and the left and right atrioventricular ring.

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20
Q

Differentiation of the fibrous trigon

A

Osseous differentiation and forms the Os Cordis, which is primarily seen in cattle

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21
Q

Three tunics of vessels

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia/externa
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22
Q

Tunica intima of vessels

A
  • Innermost

- Endothelium, internal elastic membrane, subendothelial connective tissue

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23
Q

Tunica media of vessels

A
  • Middle

- Smooth muscle and elastic lamellae/fibers

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24
Q

Tunica adventitia of vessels

A
  • Outermost

- CT, principally collagen, may contain blood vessels, nerves, capillaries

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25
Q

Vascular endothelium role in hemostasis

A
  • Anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic in the normal state

- Pro-thrombotic and anti-fibrinolytic during injury

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26
Q

Vascular endothelium role in modulating perfusion

A
  • Nitric oxide relaxes and causes vasodilation

- Endothelin causes vasoconstriction

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27
Q

Vascular endothelium role in inflammation

A
  • Regulates the traffic of inflammatory cells
  • Produces pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Control angiogenesis and tissue repair
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28
Q

Hemostasis

A

Arrest bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means

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29
Q

Does the elastic artery have all three tunics?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Best example of an elastic artery

A

Aorta

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31
Q

Tunica media of elastic artery

A

Consists largely of repeating elastic lamellae

32
Q

Tunica intima of elastic artery

A

Endothelium + loose CT

33
Q

Tunica adventitia of elastic artery

A

Contains vasa vasorum to assist in supplying nutritional needs to thick tuncia media

34
Q

In muscular arteries, tunica media is primarily

A

Smooth muscle

35
Q

Thickest Tunica in muscular arteries is

A

tunica media

36
Q

In cross section, muscular arteries generally have what appearance?

A

round

37
Q

Muscular arteries generally have a prominant

A

internal elastic membrane

38
Q

What is an example of muscular artery?

A

Femoral artery

39
Q

In vascular smooth muscle, the cells are arranged

A

Circumferentially within the tuncia media

40
Q

Vascular smooth muscle regulates

A

Diameter and tone (vasodilation/vasoconstriction)

41
Q

Arterioles have how many layers of smooth muscle?

A

1-3

42
Q

What has the greatest effect of blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

43
Q

Arteriole nuclei

A

bulge into thelumen

44
Q

Appearance of arteriole

A

Round

45
Q

Do arterioles have an internal elastic membrane

A

Not if they are the smallest ones with 1 smooth muscle cell

46
Q

Metarteriole

A

Terminal vessel

Has precapillary sphincters that can regulate flow to capillary bed

47
Q

Pericytes are also called

A

rouget cells

48
Q

Pericytes

A

Mesenchymal-like contractile cells that wrap around capillaries and venules to communicate with endothelial cells by physical contact and paracrine signaling

49
Q

Pericytes have actin, myosin, tropomyosin?

A

Yes

50
Q

Do pericytes have their own basal membrane?

A

Yes

51
Q

Pericytes proliferate after

A
  • Injury
  • May be replacement stem cell source
  • Important in angiogenesis (new vessel formation)
52
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin walled tubes of mesenchymal origin

53
Q

Capillaries in a cross section

A

Made of only one endothelial cell rolled into the tube

54
Q

Capillaries represent

A

The site of exchange between blood and surrounding tissue

55
Q

Capillary size

A

Diameter - 1-9 micro

Length - 0.25-1mm

56
Q

Capillaries can be longer in

A

adrenal cortex, kidney medulla

57
Q

Three classifications of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
58
Q

What is the most common capillary

A

Continuous

59
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle, brain, bone, lung

Blood-brain barrier and blood-testes barrier

60
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

In tissues with substantial fluid exchange

61
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found

A

Intestinal villi, choroid plexus, ciliary process, glomerular capillaries

62
Q

Discontinuous capillaries are found

A

In hepatic and splenic sinuses -> large molecules can exit (ex. RBC in spleen)

63
Q

What is responsible for the filtration of plasma?

A

Renal glomerulus

64
Q

Sinusoids are also called

A

discontinued or sinusoidal capillaries

65
Q

Venules are called

A

Postcapillary vessels

66
Q

Venules are very _____ vessels

A

Leaky

67
Q

Do venules have smooth muscle?

A

Nope

68
Q

What is possible in venules

A

Leukocyte diapedesis

69
Q

Pressure in venules

A

5mm Hg

70
Q

Veins compared to arteries

A

Large, wide lumen and thin walls

71
Q

Are valves present in veins?

A

Yes

72
Q

Tunica media in veins

A

thin

73
Q

What is the thickest tunica in veins

A

Tunica adventitia

74
Q

Vasa vasorum is present in what kinds of veins

A

large

75
Q

Veins may be collapsed in

A

histological sections

76
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Very thin wall, very low pressure, may contain valves

77
Q

Why do lymphatic vessels appear clear?

A

No RBC in lymph

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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