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Physio 202 Lecture > Lecture 16 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. transport dietary lipids
  3. carry out immune responses
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2
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. red bone marrow

2. thymus

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3
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. lymphatic nodules/ follicles
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4
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do

A

drain excess ISF and return it to the blood stream

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5
Q

where do lymphatic vessels originate?

A

in “close-ended” lymph capillaries which lie adjacent to blood capillaries in the tissue spaces

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6
Q

are lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries larger?

A

lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger

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7
Q

what do lymphatic vessels contain?

A

one way valves

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8
Q

where are lymph nodes found

A

at irregular intervals along the lymph vessels

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9
Q

what is non-specific resistance?

A

the body’s line of defense against invasion by pathogens

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10
Q

what are the 4 non specific defenses?

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. fever
  3. inflammation
  4. cells and chemicals
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11
Q

what is the first line of non-specific defenses

A

physical barriers

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12
Q

what do cells and chemicals in non-specific defenses do?

A

they can kill and/or orchestrate the killing of pathogens

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13
Q

what are the physical barriers to pathogenic invasion?

A
  1. skin
  2. mucus membranes
  3. hairs and cilia
  4. acid
  5. tears
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14
Q

what does skin have to make it a physical barrier/

A

sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands (sweat glands), and lysozyme

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15
Q

how are mucus membranes a physical barrier?

A

mucus is secreted by specialized epithelial cells called goblet cells

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16
Q

how are hair and cilia physical barriers?

A

mucus coated hairs; cilia on specialized epithelial cells that line the trachea

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17
Q

how is acid a physical barrier?

A

the pH of the stomach is about 2.0

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18
Q

what do tears have that make it a physical barrier?

A

contains lysozyme

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19
Q

what is a fever?

A

abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms

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20
Q

what is the bodys thermostat reset upwards by?

A

pyrogens

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21
Q

what are pyrogens

A

chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macrophages exposed to bacteria and other foreign substances

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22
Q

why is a high fever dangerous

A

it can denature enzymes

23
Q

what is inflammation?

A

tissue response to injury

24
Q

what does inflammation do?

A
  • prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • sets the stage for repair process
25
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
26
Q

how do WBCs enhance the innate defenses?

A
  • attacking microorganisms directly

- hindering the ability of microorganisms to move, grow, reproduce

27
Q

what is the neutrophil function in cells?

A

-fastest responders to bacteria

28
Q

what are the direct actions neutrophils take against bacteria

A
  • release lysozyme to digest bacterial cell walls
  • release defenses proteins that act like antibiotics and form pore in bacterial cell membranes, destroying them
  • release strong oxidants that destroy bacteria
29
Q

what are basophils functions in cells?

A

-exit capillaries at sites of inflammation and play a role in allergic reactions

30
Q

what do basophils release?

A

heparin, histamine and serotonin which intensify inflammatory response and can often contribute to hypersensitivity reactions

31
Q

what do eosinophils do in cells?

A
  • respond to and attack parasitic worms
  • enter ISF and releases histaminase
  • able to phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes
32
Q

what does the release of histaminase in eosinophils do?

A

slows down inflammation caused by basophils

33
Q

what do lymphocytes do in cells?

A
  • most types involved in adaptive immunity (B-cells and T-cells)
  • natual killer cells are involved in innate immunity
34
Q

what do natural killer cells do in lymphocytes?

A
  • attack many different microbes directly

- attack spontaneously arising tumor cells

35
Q

what do monocytes do in cells?

A

-arrive later to sites of infection but arrive in much larger numbers

36
Q

what do monocytes do upon arrival at sites of infection?

A

destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection
-become wandering macrophages in ISF

37
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

a specialized class of t-lymphocytes which perform generalized functions

38
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

kill tumor cells and kill some virus infected cells

39
Q

how do NK cells kill?

A

via cytolysis

40
Q

what happens in cytolysis?

A

NK cells secrete a chemical known as perforin, which perforates the cell membrane

41
Q

what is associated with low counts of NK cells?

A

HIV/AIDS

42
Q

what do antimicrobial proteins do?

A

enhance innate defenses

43
Q

specifically what do antimicrobial proteins do?

A
  • attack microorganisms directly

- hinder the ability of some microorganisms to reproduce

44
Q

what are the two most important types of antimicrobial proteins

A
  1. interferons

2. complement proteins

45
Q

what are interferons produced by?

A

virus infected body cells, T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages

46
Q

what are cytokines

A

interferons and other chemical messengers that alter cellular activities

47
Q

the action of interferons is _____

A

non-specific

48
Q

what does non-specific mean?

A

they work effectively against a large number of virus types

49
Q

what is the complement system?

A

over 30 specific proteins that complement or enhance the action of antibodies

50
Q

what do complement proteins attach to?

A

antibody-antigen complexes

51
Q

what happens when complement proteins attach to antibody-antigen complexes?

A

the formation of a MAC (membrane attack complexes) which punches hole sin bacterial cell membranes

52
Q

what is a “secondary” result of complement activation?

A

attraction of phagocytes, stimulation of phagocytosis, and inflammation

53
Q

how can C3 be activated?

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. alternative pathway
  3. lectin pathway

Physio 202 Lecture (38 decks)

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