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prisons and prisoners MCQ revision > lecture 17 - release and resettlement (prisons and desistance) > Flashcards

lecture 17 - release and resettlement (prisons and desistance) Flashcards

1
Q

desistance is the word for what?

A

word for how people with a previous pattern of offending come to abstain from crime

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2
Q

when was there a criminological interest in desistance

A

1970s

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3
Q

how was there was there a major area of enquiry in 1990s for desistance?

A
  • criminal career data sets
  • empirical research/ case studies
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4
Q

how is reoffending and desistance measured

A
  • measured over a one-year follow up period
  • and a further 6 month waiting period to allow for offences to be proven in court
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5
Q

what % did adult offenders have a proven reoffending rate of?

A

22.7%

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6
Q

adults released from custodial sentences of less than 12 months had a proven reoffending rate of what %

A

54.9%

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7
Q

what is there measurement problems for the study of crime in general

A

ambiguity and imprecision

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8
Q

what do maruna and farrell 2004 argue that we only truly know offending career is over when?

A

only truly know that an offending career has finally ended when that person is dead

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9
Q

what do the majority of academics now acknowledge distance as

A

its a process not a specific event

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10
Q

what does shover 1996 define desistance as the voluntary…

A

the voluntary termination of serious criminal participation

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11
Q

most research emphasises a state of what?

A

a state of non-offending or a significant crime free gap
desistance is temporary non offending

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12
Q

what does bushway 2001 argue research is still interested

A

still interested in process by which individuals arrive there

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13
Q

uggen and kruttschnitt 1998 argue what 2 things for the process of desistance?

A
  1. a change from offending to non-offending
  2. the arrival at a permanent state of non-offending
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14
Q

maruna and farrall 2004 argue that primary desistance is what gap?

A

any crime free gap in the course of a criminal career

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15
Q

maruna and farrall 2004 argue seocndary desistance is what?
the movment from..
adoption of…

A

the movement from the behaviour of non offending to the adoption of a non offending role or identity

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16
Q

mcneill 2016 argues tertiary desistance is what?
social recognition of…
development of…
not intended to be…

A

social recognition of change and the development of a sense of belonging

but not intended to be sequential or linear stages

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17
Q

what does nugent and schinkel 2016 argue
AIR

A
  • act desistance for non offending
  • identity desistance for internalisation of non offending identity
  • relational desistance for recognition of change by others

act
identity
relational

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18
Q

4 theories of desistance
ISIS

A
  1. individual and agentic
    2, social and structural
  2. interactionist
  3. situational (bottoms 2014)
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19
Q

what is individual and agentic theory of desistance?

link between?

A

established links between age and maturational reform theories

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20
Q

what is social and structural theory of desistance

A
  • social bonds and social control theories
  • circumstances external to the individual e.g. family ties employment education -
  • considered to create a stake in conformity
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21
Q

what are interactionist theory of desistance

A

interactions between individuals agency and social structures
- point to the significance of subjective changes in the persons sense of self and identity

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22
Q

what are situational theory of desistance

A

how the social environment and situated routine activities influence behaviour

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23
Q

what is the age crime curve key conundrum

A

most adult offenders were young offenders
but most young offenders do not become adult offenders

24
Q

glueck and glueck 1940 say what about age and desistance

A

growing out of crime
immaturity burnout
desistance expected

25
Q

what limitations are there to understanding desistance based on age and maturation

A
  • suggests an end point
  • fail to explain different pathways to desistance
  • ignores agency - rational choice
  • fails to take into account life course events or any socio structural, situational or instituional factors
26
Q

undestanding desistance through social learning theory

A

less exposure to criminal lifestyles and behavuour

27
Q

understanding desistance through age graded theory of informal social control

what can act as a turning point
opportunity for what

A

social bonds can act as turning point
- supervision and structure to routine activities = opportunity for identity transformation

28
Q

reduction in offending in young adults because starts acquiring conventional ties

A
  • stakes in conformity
  • persist when have nothing to lose
29
Q

what 4 examples of turning points for desistance

A
  • marriage
  • children
  • employment
  • punishment
30
Q

marriage is more likely to increase deisstance for who?

A

men rather than women
offending men tend to marry up
offending women marry down

31
Q

children effects deisstance in who

A

motherhood
effect of having children larger for women than men

32
Q

employment more likely to promote desistance for who

A

men

33
Q

3 aspects of punishment as a turning point for desistance

A
  • age and maturation
  • reassessment of the criminal calculus
  • tired of prison and beaten by the system
34
Q

limitations of understanding desistance through social and structural theories

A
  • imply that transitional experience are not universal
  • suggest that key life events such as marriage, parenthood etc are indeed likely to be shaped by , although not necessarily causal of desistance
  • direction unclear: trigger desistance or emerged after indivifual had ceased offending
35
Q

are turning points enough to trigger desistance

A

no

36
Q

what do interactionist theory argues

A
  • individuals seek to alter their socio structural context
  • in doing so acquire new behaviours and new pro social roles
  • this = shift in the individual person and social identity
37
Q

turning points may have a different impact depending on the actors what?

A

motivation and readiness to change

38
Q

what is the importance of agency in desistance

A
  • belief and hope that one can desist correlates with actual desistance
  • can accurately predict own susceptibility to recidivism
  • encourages resilience
39
Q

what is maruna 2001 narratives of deisstance

A
  • transformation narrative in which the individual has replaced his old criminal self with a new law abiding self
40
Q

what 4 types of identity and narratives does maruna 2001 argue

A
  • redemption script
  • generative script
  • wounded healer
  • condemnation script
41
Q

what 4 things make up desistance

A
  • maturity
  • agency and a decision to desist
  • constructive social bonds
  • new self concept and identity
42
Q

the 7 pathways are clearly linked to what 3 things

A
  • hooks for change
  • turning points
  • importance of human agency
43
Q

what solutions are there for desistance

A
  • take advantage of strengths and resources - family, community etc
  • whole prison approach
  • rehabilaitive culture
44
Q

but desistance is a social process that needs what

A

community level and broader social and political commitment to ex prisoner reintegration

45
Q

perhaps the most fundamental question is not whether society can resettle prisoners but whether

A

it really wants to

46
Q

social identity is a what script

A

condemnation script
doomed to deviance

47
Q

social exclusion =

A

risk of recidivism

48
Q

social inclusion =

A

increases likelihood of long term desistance

49
Q

what does the desistance agenda/ paradigm do:

A

moves away from JUST looking at rehabiliation or resettlement
- calls for BROADER COMMITMENT to social justice

50
Q

woolf report 1991 prisoner links with who are vital

A

links with families = vital importance to them and to minimise harmful effects of imprisonment

51
Q

how likley are prisoners to reoffend within 1 year of release if unable to maintain family ties

A

between 2 and 6 times more likely to reoffend

52
Q

creating and ecouraging family contact in custody can reduce liklihood offending by up to how much?

A

up to 6 times

53
Q

farmer review 2017 continuing need to include all families in all aspects of prisoners progression
golden thread….

A

golden thread vital in helping prevent reoffending and reducing intergenerational crime

54
Q

research shows prisoners who receive visits from family are how much less likely to reoffend

A

39%

55
Q
A

prisons and prisoners MCQ revision (17 decks)

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