Lecture 2 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Difference between the Genetic Material of Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell
A
Prokaryotic cell - genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear zone (nucleoid) and it is freely suspended in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic - a true nucleus, also has intracellular membranes and membrane-bound nucleus
-
2
Q
The genetic material of Eukaryotic Cell is housed within the nucleus separated from _____ by _____
A
cytoplasm and nuclear membrane
3
Q
When is Chromatin only present
A
during the interphase
4
Q
Where is chromatin found
A
nucleus
5
Q
It is the compact form of chromatin
-physically visible
A
Chromosome
6
Q
site for producing and assembling cell’s ribosomes, conspicuous domain in nucleus
A
Nucleolus
7
Q
a series of vents for the cell to grow and divide
A
Cell Cyle
8
Q
two parts of Cell Cycle
A
Interphase and M Phase
9
Q
Two types of M Phase
A
Mitosis and Meiosis
10
Q
non-dividing stage of the cell cycle
A
Interphase
11
Q
The longest phase of the typical cell cycle
A
S phase
12
Q
What happens during the G1 Phase in Interphase
A
-Cell increases volume by absorbing water and nutrients
-Builds new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
13
Q
What happens during the S Phase
A
DNA is replicated
14
Q
What phase is when the DNA gets replicated
A
S phase
15
Q
also known as the synthesis stage in Interphase
A
S phase
16
Q
what happens during the G2 phase
A
synthesizes RNA and proteins for chromosome and spindle assembly.
17
Q
What is now the 3 scenarios by the end of G2
A
-Cell is ready to divide
-Genetic Material is Duplicated
-Double Chromatin Fiber is folded to become a Chromsome
18
Q
the chromosome is composed of chain of _________
A
nucleosomes
19
Q
what are the 2 components of the CHROSOME
A
Nucleosome core + DNA
20
Q
Why is nucleosome core an octameric core
A
-because it has 8 protein complex (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)
21
Q
what are the four protein complexes in an octameric core
A
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
22
Q
Folded Chromatin Fiber
A
Chromosomes
23
Q
Describe the processes of Chromosome Folding (Aralin)
A
24
Q
Human Chromosome Count
A
2n = 46
25
how many kinds of chromosomes are there
23
26
46 chromosomes in zygote: 23 chromosomes from ____ cell and 23 chromosomes from ______ cell
sperm and egg
27
What is a solenoid
6 nucleusomes pero coil
28
Chromosome has a number of ___ sister chromatids
2
29
primary constriction of the chromosome
centromere
30
disc-shaped protein attached to centromere
kinetochore
31
______ are attached in kinetochore during cell division; they pull sister chromatids apart
32
tips or ends of chromosomes
telomeres
33
what is the long arm of a chromosom
q (lovers' quarrel)
34
short arm of a chromosome
p
35
TRUE OR FALSE: 1 centromere = 2 chromosomes
False; as long as the duplicates are still together, and are still a single unit, they are counted as a single chromosome
36
Satellites in a chromosomes are known as ______________
CYTOLOGICAL MARKERS wherein they are permanent
37
these are the segments of chromosomes that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA
NOR
38
hold the chromatin into compact chromosome
protein scaffold
39
median position of centromere
metacentric
40
submedian position of centromere
submetacentric
41
subterminal position of metacentric
acrocentric
42
terminal position of centromere
telocentric
43
in this stage of the cell cycle, it is morphogically identical but biochemically distinguishable
G1 Phase
44
What is the structure of the DNA form during S phase
Chromatin
45
the fastest phase of Interphase
G2 phase
46
how many hours do human cells proliferate
24 hours (typical 24 hr cycle)
47
hours of G1 phase
8
48
S phase hours
11
49
G2 phase hours
4
50
M phase hours
1
51
division of the nucleus
karyokinesis
52
division of cytoplasm
cytokinesis
53
T OR F: karyokinesis is only observed during mitosis
FALSE: mitosis and meiosis
54
Equational Division
Mitosis and Meiosis II
55
purpose of mitosis in unicellullar organisms
reproduction
56
purpose of mitosis to multicellular organisms
repair of worn out tissues, production of somatic or body cells
57
in what way do the daughter cell in mitosis is similar to its parent cells? (3)
chromosome number, type, and composition
58
a diploid parent cell gives rise to ___ diploid daughter cells that are like each other and the same as the parental cell
2
59
first to note and describe how chromosomes moving during mitosis
Walter Flemming
60
- chromosomes condense and are visibly composed of sister chromatids
- Nuclear membrane disintegrates
- Spindle fibers begin to form
Prophase
61
- Chromosomes line up at equatorial plane with spindle fibers attached to them
- Spindle assembly initiates where spindle fibers attached to kinetochore protein
Metaphase
62
- Sister chromatids are separated and are pulled toward opposite poles (by the shortening/depolymerizing of spindle fibers)
- Centromere divided longitudinally but are functionally double
- Each sister chromatid becomes full-fledged chromosome
- Distribution of cytoplasmic contents begin
Anaphase
63
Count of chromosomes is based per ____ in Anaphase
Pole
64
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles and form 2 groups, each with same # of chromosomes
- Chromosomes become less condensed
- New nuclear structures form
Telophase
65
Cytokinesis happens after _________
telophase
66
What is the reductional division
Meiosis I
67
union of two haploid cells (gametes) for formation of diploid zygoteunion of two haploid cells (gametes) for formation of diploid zygote
Fertilization
68
transitional stage that occurs between Meiosis I and II
Interkinesis
69
- Thin thread stage (similar to mitosis) Chromatin appear as long thin threads with many beadlike structures (Chromomeres)
- Replicated chromosomes condense
Leptotene
70
- SYNAPSIS: homologous chromosomes pair physically
- BIVALENT II: forms due to synapsis (consist of 4 chromatids) – essential for crossing over
- Adjoining phase
- Chiasmata hold II together
Zygotene
71
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Synapsis
72
Homologous chromosomes have the same _____, ______, and ____
genetic material or composition, position of centromere, loci, and length
73
forms due to synapsis (consists of 4 chromatids) essential for crossing over
Bivalent II
74
holds the II together
Chiasmata
75
where crossing over takes place
Pachytene
76
- Crossing over
- Chromatids undergo repair when damaged that can involve crossing over
Pachytene
77
formed on point of chromatid exchange; X shaped region during crossing over
- Nucleolus is evident
Chiasma
78
- Leads to genetic recombination (exchange of genes)
Pachytene
79
- synaptonemal complex dissociates
- bivalent separates from centromere = start to appear as double
- chromosomes shortens and Chiasma terminalizes
Diplotene
80
where the synaptonemal complex forms
zygotene
81
where the synaptonemal complex terminates
diplotene
82
- Bivalents are evenly distributed
- Best stage to establish chromosome number
- Nucleolus disintegrate – nucleus membrane is fragmented
Diakinesis
83
- Bivalent aligns at equatorial plane and forms spindle fiber
Metaphase I
84
- Separation of bivalent II to univalent I
Anaphase I
85
- Accounts for the reductional division (each group of chromosome is composed of haploid number)
Anaphase I
86
how many haploid cells are formed during telophase I?
2
87
- Chromosomes regroup at opposite poles
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Telophase I
88
- Chromosomes condense
- Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
Prophase II/Prophase
89
- New spindles are formed
- Chromosomes align at equatorial in metaphase plate
Metaphase II/Metaphase
90
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase II
91
Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Cytokinesis occurs
4 distincty hapl
91
Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Cytokinesis occurs
4 distinct haploid cells occurs
Telophase II/ Telophase
92
How many haploid cells are formed during telophase II
4
93
- Complete set of genes or chromosomes coming from male or female parent
Genome
94
Manila hemp (Abaca)
2n = 2x = 20 (Diploid)
What is the Somatic and Gametic Chromosome Number
Somatic: 2n = 20
Gametic: n =10
95
_____ CHROMOSOME NUMBER: Diploid # 2n
_____ CHROMOSOME NUMBER: Haploid # n
Somatic
Gametic
96
Genetic content during G2 Phase
4C
96
genetic content during S phase
4C
96
genetic content during G1 Phase
2C
96
If equational division, Cell with 2C will also produce identical cells which have ___
2C
97
Known as the diploid dominant cycle
Gametic Life Cycle
98
- TERMINAL or GAMETIC MEIOSIS
- Animals and lower plants
- Diploid dominant life cycle
- Meiosis occur to form male and female gametes, the only haploid cells produces
- Diploid zygote is produced during fertilization and divides mitotically into a multicellular diploid individual
Gametic Life Cycle
99
Initial or Zygotic Meiosis
Zygotic Life Cycle
100
- INTERMEDIARY or SPORIC MEIOSIS
Sporic Life Cycle
101
- produce gametes and meiosis is not typically involved
Gametophytes
102
- multicellular diploid plant produced through the fertilization of gametes that form the diploid zygote that will undergo rounds of mitosis
- Specialized cells of the sporophyte are the ones that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores which will eventually develop into the haploid gametophyte
Saphrophytes
