Lecture 7

Question 1

study of the relationships between gene regulation and cell differentiation during development

Answer 1

Developmental Genetics

Question 2

process of regulated growth that results of the interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm and the environment

Answer 2

development

Question 3

what does the development involves?

Answer 3

-programmed sequence of phenotypic events typically irreversible
-differentiation

Question 4

-formation of different cell types, tissues, and organs through specific regulation of gene expression

Answer 4

differentiation

Question 5

development of the embryo

Answer 5

embryogenesis

Question 6

-a point wherein when the cell reaches the point, it makes an irreversible commitment to follow a certain development path
(ex: formation of proteins by the eyes for the lenses)

Answer 6

determination

Question 7

molecules of the cells found in the cytoplasm/cytoplasmic effector substances wich cause the cells to become irreversibly committed to perform a specialized function

Answer 7

determinants

Question 8

T or F: determinants are only considered from maternal interaction

Answer 8

F: there are also proteins, and other molecules found in the cytoplasm that can be considered as determinants

Question 9

the expression of cells’ specialized roles

Answer 9

differentiation

Question 10

cells producing specialized proteins derived from luxury genes

Answer 10

specialized cells

Question 11

where are specialized cells derive

Answer 11

luxury genes

Question 12

genes that encode gene products that are not needed for survival

Answer 12

luxury genes

Question 13

what are examples of luxury genes

Answer 13

RBC - hemoglobin (once they make hemoglobin, they make immature RBC)
beta cells of pancreas - insulin (once they make insulin, then there are comitted to become the beta cells of pancreas)

Question 14

central question in developmental genetics

Answer 14

how does one cellular genotype give rise to many different cellular phenotypes

Question 15

sets the initial cytoplasmic environment

Answer 15

maternal genome

Question 16

triggers the switching on and off of genes as the zygote becomes an embryo and increases the number of cells

Answer 16

initial cytoplasmic environment

Question 17

for initial cytoplasmic environment, the gene products will occupy a specific position in the egg
-the distribution is equal or not?

Answer 17

NOT - it is not necessary to be equal

Question 18

when the cell divides, the cyclomatic environment of each cell witll be ____ from each other

Answer 18

distributed unequally

Question 19

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
differential gene function is fundamental and intrinsic aspect of cell differentiation
Cell phenotype is a consequence of differential gene action or selective expression of its genes

Answer 19

IMPORTANTS POINT TO REMEMBER

Question 20

transcriptional control in eukaryotes examples

Answer 20

Lac and Trop Operon

Question 21

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is a selective DNA replication

Answer 21

pre-transcriptional

Question 22

in the formation of organelles you need to have ___

Answer 22

ribosomal rna or ribosomes

Question 23

euchromatin tightly or loosely

Answer 23

loosely packed

Question 24

heterochromatin - tightly or loosely packed

Answer 24

tightly packed

Question 25

when the gene is in heterochromatin form, the expression is genes is turned ___ ON OR OFF

Answer 25

off because the tight coiling does not allow the entry of enzymees

Question 26

when the gene is in euchromatin form, the expression is genes is turned ___ ON OR OFF

Answer 26

on; it is active because it is loosely packed

Question 27

addition of methly group to Cystosine will lead to compact coiling of DNA; thus genes will be silenced

Answer 27

DNA methylation

Question 28

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is Differential RNA synthesis

Answer 28

Transcriptional Control

Question 29

the RNA is ____ (number; quantity) during meiosis or after fertilization in transcriptional control stage

Answer 29

0

Question 30

the sythesis of RNA in transcriptional control resumes during

Answer 30

Gastrulation

Question 31

process in animals where there is formation of germ layers

Answer 31

gastrulation

Question 32

if the TATA box is farther from the gene is used, then you will have a _______ (longer or shorter) transcript

Answer 32

longer

Question 33

if the TATA box is closer from the gene is used, then you will have a _______ (longer or shorter) transcript

Answer 33

shorter

Question 34

this is the process in which the length of the transcript is dependent on the position of the TATA box from the gene

Answer 34

differential polyadenylation

Question 35

if the poly A is site is farther from the gene you will have a ____ mRNA

Answer 35

longer

Question 36

if the poly A is site is closer from the gene you will have a ____ mRNA

Answer 36

shorter

Question 37

this is the process in which the length of the transcript is dependent on the position of the poly A from the gene

Answer 37

differential polyadenylation

Question 38

process where the cell has a choice depending on the signal as to which type of exons it will put together in transcriptional control

Answer 38

differential splicing

Question 39

mRNAs are degraded during differential splicing if they are not needed T or F

Answer 39

T

Question 40

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is selective translation

Answer 40

translational control

Question 41

process where there will be some mRNAs are selectively translated because they are needed

Answer 41

selective translation

Question 42

stability of mRNA -the longer the poly A tail ____ the (more or less) stable the mRNA is in translational control

Answer 42

more

Question 43

once there is no more need for a specific protein, these particular proteins now help signal the mRNA coding for them

Answer 43

autoregulation

Question 44

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is modification of protein

Answer 44

post-translational control

Question 45

modification of a protein

Answer 45

polypeptides or proteins are modified in order for them to become functional

Question 46

example of marcomolecular synthesis

Answer 46

DNA synthesis or DNA replication in the nucleus

Question 47

two Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions

Answer 47

-molecular exchanges -control of macromolecular synthesis in the nucleus by the cytoplasm

Question 48

development of the form of the individual or morphology

Answer 48

morphogenesis

Question 49

Gene effects on the system of embryonic induction

Answer 49

-organizing tissue of one organ triggers the development of another organ -

Question 50

gene effects on the regulation of growth and metabolism

Answer 50

-effect of the metabolic process or pathway that is of prime importance to the organism -a metabolic process is affected to some degree

Question 51

Gene effects on migrating cells

Answer 51

-genes affect differentiation and migration of cells to other regions

Question 52

examples of gene regulation in humans

Answer 52

-development of the fetus 1st trimester - head grows fast compared to other parts of the baby -later part of 1st trimester and 2nd trimester where limbs develop faster and the development of the trunk -development of the nose -at birth infants have pug nose -early child's nose develops fastest and large nose in proporition to the other parts of the face -after adolescene nose stops growing -other parts of the face are growing

Question 53

T OR F: genes alone dictate the differences

Answer 53

FALSE it depends on molecular switches that tell genes when and where to turn on and off