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BIO 30 > Lecture 6 Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Part 2 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Nature and characteristics of the genetic code

A
  1. Triplet Code
  2. It is continuous, comma free.
  3. Non-overlapping (It is read in successive groups of three nucleotides)
  4. Universal (all organisms share the same genetic code)
  5. code is degenerate (Crick & et al) (amino acids may have more than 1 codon) (exc. AUG- met and UGG- trp)
  6. has start and stop (AUG – met, GUG -val) and (UAG UGA UUA)
  7. Wobble occurs in anticodon (degeneracy)
  8. Genetic code is unambiguous (rare that 1 codon specifies more than 1 a.a) (specific codon = same amino acid)
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2
Q

linear correspondence between DNA sequence and the order of amino acids

A

Colinearity of a gene and protein

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3
Q

who proposed the colinearity of a gene and protein

A

Yanofsky et al in 1964

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4
Q

refers to the molecular analysis of the entire genome of species

A

Genomics

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5
Q

a type of genomic research where there is direct analysis of the DNA itself and
-determination of complete DNA sequence
-done in the human genome two decades ago

A

structural genomics

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6
Q

-a type of genomic research which identifies which genes are turned on and off
-Determine gene functions and interactions in relation to phenotype

A

Functional Genomics

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7
Q

-systematic study of all the proteins in a cell or tissue
-the amounts of the different proteins, modifications, interactions, localization, and functions
-all or subsets of all proteins in biological systems, in the whole organisms, tissue, cellular, and sub-cellular levels

A

Proteomics

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8
Q

it aims to identify and study groups of proteins
-it also determine the role of cellular proteins and how they interact to express the trait

A

Proteomics

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9
Q

they identified the 21st amino acid - selenocysteine
-encoded by UGA
-found in Archaea, Eubacteria, and Animals

A

Atkins, J.F and Gestleland in 2002

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10
Q

21st amino acid
-encoded by UGA
-found in Archaea, Eubacteria, and Animals

A

selenocysteine

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11
Q

22nd amino acid
-encoded by UAG,
-found in Archaea,
-Methnosarcina barkeri

A

pyrolysine

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12
Q

pyrolysine- encoded by what amino acid

A

UAG

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13
Q

selenocysteine - encoded by what amino acid

A

UGA

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14
Q

In _____ cell, after the transcription mRNA undergoes the process of Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing in order to be converted into a matured mRNA unlike in the prokaryotic cell which does not involve this

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

refers to the RNA transcript prior to any processing

A

Eukaryotic nuclear gene

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16
Q

TUR - it does not translated into amino acids; only from the first exon to the __ exon would you have the code for the amino acids

A

third

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17
Q

first process of pre-mRNA processing
1. addition of 5 prime cap

A

-Addition of 7-methyl guanosine triphosphate on
5’
-Protects from degradation (especially in 5’ end)
-Assists the ribosome binding during translation

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18
Q

second process of pre-mRNA processing
2. SPLICING OF INTRONS

A
  • Removal of introns (intervening sequences)
  • Found between region that codes between amino acids (exons)
  • Facilitated by spliceosome
  • protein complex composed of snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleic proteins) and other proteins
  • takes out introns
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19
Q

these are intervening DNA sequences found in between exons

A

intron

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20
Q

these are sequences in a gene that code for amino acids

A

exons

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21
Q

______ have to be take out so that there will continuous series of exons that will be read during transcription in pre-mRNA eukaryotic transcription

A

introns (they are intervening sequences)

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22
Q

third process of pre mRNA processing:

A

ADDITION OF POLY A TAIL AT END OF 3’
- addition of multiple adenine residues
- protects from degradation in cytoplasm
- assists in termination of transcription
- helps recognition of mRNA for export to the ribosomes

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23
Q

responsible for taking out the introns and the joining together of exons

A

spliceosomes

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24
Q

they do not occur in organisms; but these occur in viruses and other particular types

A

special transfers

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25
In a special transfer, the RNA replication process involves the use of the RNA as template to produce another
RNA
26
the enzyme involved in the special transfer of RNA replication in the process of using RNA as template to produce RNA
RNA replicase
27
another type of special transfer where RNA is used to produce a DNA -found in tumor causing viruses
Reverse Transcription
28
in reverse transcription, RNA is used to make _
DNA
29
enzyme involved in reverse transcription where RNA is used to make DNA
reverse transcriptase
30
this implies that organisms adjust to new environment -alter gene activity -synthesis of gene products appropriate to the new condition
Regulation of Gene Action
31
In ________ ability of the cells to determine: -which genes should be expressed -when are those genes should be expressed -how much of each gene product should be expressed
Gene regulation
32
activity is controlled in response to the needs of a cell or the organism -there are times that there will be a large amount of genes, while there are times that this is not the case
regulated genes
33
-genes that are constantly being transcribed -expressed all the time -gene products are essential for maintenance
consitutive or housekeeping genes
34
group of functionally related genes -when expressed, they produce polycistronic mRNA -encodes several proteins
Operon
35
when operon is expressed it produces
polycistronic mRNA
36
two types of transcriptional control
negative and positive transcriptional control
37
with transcriptional control, if a gene is needed then transcription is _, then if the gene is not needed, then trasncription will be _
ON; OFF
38
a type of transcriptional control which uses repressor protein to turn off transcription which inhibits gene expression
negative transcriptional control
39
a type of transcriptional control which uses expressor or an activator protein to turn on transcription which triggers gene expression
positive transcriptional control
40
two operons in prokaryores
Lactose Operon Tryptophan Operon
41
group of genes encoding enzymes for lactose utilization -lactose as source of energy -system is normally off
Lac Operon
42
Lac Operon is normally ____ (off or on)
off; which causes small amount of enzymes
43
LAC Operon in the presence of an inducer (on or off)
on; which is why it is called inducible system -increased levels of enzymes
44
Lac operon in the absence of the inducer (on or off)
off -low level of enzymes
45
components of the Lac operon
1. Regulator gene (lac l) 2. Promoter (P) 3. Operator (O) 4. Structural Genes
46
a component of the Lac Operon where it produces an active repressor
regular gene (lac l)
47
a component of the Lac Operon where RNA polymerase binds
Promoter (P)
48
a component of the Lac Operon where active repressor binds
Operator (O)
49
permease is encoded by the gene
lac
50
a structural gene which facilitates the entrance of lactose into the cell
permease
51
this codes for beta-galactosidase
lac z
52
a structural gene which splits lactose into glucose + galactose -converts lactose into an allolactose (inducer)
b-galactosidase
53
___________ encodes for transacetylase
lac a
54
this transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to B-galactosidase -not involved in lactose utilization
transacetylase
55
group of genes encoding enzymes for tryptophan synthesis
Trp Operon
56
Trp Operon is normally turn ___ but it must be turned _____
on; off
57
what kind of system is lac operon
inducible system
58
what kind of system is trp operon
repressible system
59
component of the trp operon which produces an inactive repressor
regulator gene (trpR)
60
component of the Trp Operon where RNA Polymerase binds
Promoter (P)
61
component of the Trp Operon where active repressor binds -formed from the aproprepressor + excess trp
operator (O)
62
structural genes in trp operon which encodes enzyme for the synthesis of trytophan
trp E, trpD, trpC, trpB, A
63
a type of eukaryotic gene regulation in which -genes are quickly turned on and off -purpose: rapid adjustment to local environment or physiological changes
short term regulation
64
a type of eukaryotic gene regulation in which events are required for an organism to develop and differentiate
long term regulation

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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