Lecture 8

Question 1

study of mechanisms that change gene expression by modifying the DNA without modifying its base sequence

Answer 1

Epigenetics

Question 2

T or F: In epigenetics, we do not modify the bases, rather we modify the groups attached to them

Answer 2

T

Question 3

study of the changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene sequence

Answer 3

Epigenetics

Question 4

Epigenetics is also involved in ___________

Answer 4

development

Question 5

epigenetics - all the cells are genetically alike but they perform different functions because of

Answer 5

epigenetics

Question 6

towards maturation, an individual will have different types of cells and different types of tissues but basically they originated from the same zygote.
-modified because of _______

Answer 6

genetics

Question 7

In epigenetics, different types of tissues will be performing the same tissues, but these tissues came from the original or same ___

Answer 7

zygote

Question 8

epigenome - wide distribution of epigenetic marks found in the top of the _______

Answer 8

genome

Question 9

patterns of gene expression in epigenetics are governed by ________

Answer 9

epigenome

Question 10

they tell which genes to switch on or off in epigenetics

Answer 10

epigenome

Question 11

these are mechanisms that control accessibility of the genome at right time and place

Answer 11

epigenetic mechanisms

Question 12

in DNA methylation, addition of methyl in cystosine of ____________ di-nucleotides

Answer 12

5’ - CG - 3’

Question 13

in DNA methylation, ____ genes are less methylated
(hypermethylated: inactive genes)

Answer 13

active

Question 14

example of methylation (agouti)
-methylate = ________
-not methylated = _______

Answer 14

methylated = healthy, brown
unmethylated = obese, yellow mouse; at risk for cancers and tumors

Question 15

takeaway: the presence of the methyl group ______ (trigger, silence the expression for the trait or phenotype

Answer 15

silence

Question 16

T or F Epigenetic patterns are only determined by epigenome and not by the environment

Answer 16

F: epigenetic patters can be affected by the environment

Question 17

are epigenetic modifications passed across generations?

Answer 17

Yes; if the diet of the methyl group to earlier generations, then it can be manifested by the offsprings
-mother needs to have a healthy diet because it would affect the offspring

Question 18

a type of epigentic mechanism that involves of addition of methly group to the histone tails which consequently tightens up DNA thus restricting the transcription factors to access the promotor regions hence allowing or activating TRANSCRIPTION (mawawalan kasi ng barrier which are yung transcription factors)

Answer 18

modification of histones

Question 19

a type of epigenetic mechanism under the modifcation of histones which involves the addition of acetyl group to histone tails which unravels the DNA making genes more available for activation

Answer 19

acetylation

Question 20

main difference between methylation and acetylation

Answer 20

methylation would allow for SILENCING of the gene while (MS)
acetylation would allow for EXPRESSION of the gene (

Question 21

a type of epigenetic mechanism that regulates the stability of your RNA

Answer 21

non-coding RNA

Question 22

who discovered the non coding RNA epigenetic mechanism

Answer 22

Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
(Nobel Prize in 2006 for the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi)

Question 23

non coding RNA which comes in double stranded form is used to silence the expression of target genes (what mechanism?)

Answer 23

non-coding RNA

Question 24

two types of RNA that is derived from RNAi

Answer 24

-micro RNA (miRNA)
-short interfering RNA (sirRNA)

Question 25

when miRNA base pair with specific mRNA does it inhibit or trigger translation?

Answer 25

it inhibits translation

Question 26

derived from double stranded RNA that may be involved in signalling apoptosis cell differentiation development

Answer 26

miRNAs (micro RNA)

Question 27

when siRNA base pair with specific mRNA what does it cause?

Answer 27

mRNA degradation

Question 28

epigenomes can be affected by _______

Answer 28

environmental factors

Question 29

they improperly turn on and off the genes

Answer 29

environmental factors

Question 30

T or F: do diet and stress can influence the epigenome of an individual

Answer 30

T

Question 31

T or F: Prenatal nutrition DOES not affect epigenome

Answer 31

False ex: Folate is a strong methyl donor that is found in food -folate for pregnant women can prevent neural tube defects

Question 32

what day does the neutral tube develops during pregnancy

Answer 32

28th day

Question 33

pregnant mothers must take what kind of vitamin?

Answer 33

Vitamin B9 or Folic acid (recommended: 400 micrograms of folic acid/day) 4000 micrograms (previous baby with neural tube defects)

Question 34

can we manipulate epigenetic marks?

Answer 34

YES epigenetic drugs can be developed to treat different illnesses -these drugs could silence bad genes and turn on good genes Ex: Drug that can turn on tumor suppressor genes

Question 35

this process is involved in oxytocin receptor expression -in autistic children, reduced expression of oxytocin receptor gene due to this process

Answer 35

methylation

Question 36

T or F drug that can modify methylation of oxytocin receptor gene has a potential to treat autism

Answer 36

True

Question 37

study on how food affect our genes

Answer 37

nutrigenomics or nutritional genomics

Question 38

how genetic differences can affect the way we respond to nutrients and other naturally occuring compounds in the food we eat?

Answer 38

foundational question in nutrigenomics

Question 39

study of molecular relationships between nutrition and response of genes

Answer 39

nutrigenomics

Question 40

five tenets of nutrigenomics

Answer 40

1. diet can be a serious risk factor for a number of dieases 2.gene expression and structure of the human genome can be altered directly or indirectly by the chemicals in our diet 3. the degree to which diet influences the balance between healthy and disease states may depend on the genetic makeup of an individual 4. some diet-regulated genes are likely to play a role in the onset, incidence, progression and or severity of chronic disease 5. dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status, and genotype can be used to prevent, mitigate or cure chronic diseases

Question 41

nutrients can reverse or change epigenetic phenoma such as

Answer 41

DNA methylation histone modification

Question 42

nutrition can modify the expression of critical genes associated with

Answer 42

-physiologic and pathologic processes -embryonic development -aging