Lecture 2 - cell organelles

Question 1

Stromatolites

Answer 1

photosynthetic properties and deposit a calcium carbon sediment and formed fossil. Release oxygen.. Contain cyanobacteria

Question 2

Evidence that archaea were host cell

Answer 2

Archaea contain DNA with introns and promoters, histones, RNA poly and transcription factors similar to eukaryotes. Also they glycosylate proteins

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

site of most cellular genetic DNA

Question 4

Centriole

Answer 4

helps organize microtubules during cell division. organization of microtubules into triplets

Question 5

Ribosomes

Answer 5

manufacture proteins

Question 6

ER

Answer 6

site of protein and lipid production

Question 7

Glycocalyx

Answer 7

saccharides attached to glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 8

Nuclear envelope

Answer 8

selectively permeable barrier. Consists of an inner and outer membrane

Question 9

Inner nuclear membrane

Answer 9

associated with the nuclear lamina protein meshwork that binds to chromatin in non-dividing cells

Question 10

Outer nuclear membrane

Answer 10

may be covered with free ribosomes and can be continuous with the RER .

Question 11

Nuclear pores and their complex

Answer 11

control fluids into and out of the nucleus. Complex is 8 fold symmetry. Uses transporting proteins to chaperone

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

makes rRNA

Question 13

3 Pars regions in nucleolus

Answer 13

Pars amorpha, pars fibrosa, and pars granulosa

Question 14

Pars amorpha

Answer 14

consist of DNA sequences encoding for rRNA. Also known as the nuclear organizer

Question 15

Pars fibrosa

Answer 15

consist of primary rRNA transcripts

Question 16

Pars granulosa

Answer 16

represent maturing ribosomal subunits (granules of pars fibrosa)

Question 17

Nucleolonema

Answer 17

pars fibrosa and the pars graulosa only

Question 18

Heterochromatin

Answer 18

Heavy staining. When DNA associated with various proteins is clumped

Question 19

Euchromatin

Answer 19

Light staining. DNA associated with various proteins is unwound.

Question 20

Binary fission

Answer 20

mode of division for prokaryotes, looped DNA makes an identical copy.

Question 21

G1 phase of mitosis

Answer 21

growth phase. When cells are doing their normal activity

Question 22

G2 phase of mitosis

Answer 22

proteins being made for mitosis

Question 23

S phase of mitosis

Answer 23

synthesis phase

Question 24

Phases of Mitosis

Answer 24

Interphase (G1), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.

Question 25

Free ribosomes produce what type of proteins

Answer 25

cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins for import into the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes

Question 26

RER produce what type of proteins

Answer 26

proteins incorporated into membranes, stored in lysosomes, or secreted from the cell. Often need further processing.

Question 27

5 Functions of ER

Answer 27

cleavage of signal peptide; protein folding; attachement of oligosaccharides; Smooth ER synthesize phospholipids, fats, and steroids; enzymes responsible for detoxification of drugs and other harmful substances

Question 28

4 steps of protein folding in RER

Answer 28

signal peptide cleaved, elongating protein pushes into lumen with help from chaperones, undergoes proper folding and posttranslation modifications, if cant be folded, translocated to cytosol and conjugated to ubiquitin and degraded by proteosomes.

Question 29

Golgi apparatus

Answer 29

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER. Cis and Trans side. Stains with silver

Question 30

Cis and trans of Golgi

Answer 30

Cis - closest to ER | Trans - transporting the forming vesicle.

Question 31

Coat Protein II (COP II) vesicle direction

Answer 31

promotes forward movement of vesicles. From ER to cis Golgi

Question 32

COP I vesicle direction

Answer 32

Promotes retrograde movement of vesicles with help from KDEL receptor. From Trans/cis golgi to ER

Question 33

Mannose-6-phosphate marker

Answer 33

Marker for segregation for lysosomes.

Question 34

optimal pH activity for a lysosome

Answer 34

pH 5

Question 35

secondary lysosome

Answer 35

fusion of a primary lysosome and another vesicle

Question 36

Peroxisomes

Answer 36

generate hydrogen peroxide. Oxidize harmful substances and long-chain fatty acids

Question 37

Melanosomes

Answer 37

membrane enclosed granule containing melanin

Question 38

Lipofuscin

Answer 38

membrane enclosed lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion (residual body/tertiary lysosome)

Question 39

Actin's intracellular movement

Answer 39

form stress fibers that play a role in contractility and motility by changing contracting to change shape

Question 40

Actin's structural role

Answer 40

forming the terminal web attached to the zonula adherens underlying the apical cytoplasm.

Question 41

Actin's membrane structures

Answer 41

microvilli and stereocilia

Question 42

Filopodia

Answer 42

finger-like projections that are used in sensing, locomotion, and cell-cell interaction

Question 43

Microtubules

Answer 43

heterodimer. can be individual, doublets as seen in cilia, or triplets as seen in centrioles

Question 44

Axoneme

Answer 44

organization of microtubules into doublets to form the core of cilia (flagella) and the sperm tail.

Question 45

Actin

Answer 45

Microfilaments

Question 46

Cilia

Answer 46

Microtubules

Question 47

Motile cilia

Answer 47

contain a central doublet of microtubules

Question 48

Primary cilia (non-motile)

Answer 48

lack a central doublet of microtubules

Question 49

Desmosomes

Answer 49

hold cells together with the next cell

Question 50

Keratin

Answer 50

intermediate filament. attach to desmosomes.

Question 51

Zonula Occludens

Answer 51

Tight junctions. occur at the apical sufrace. Prevent material passing between and create cell polarity (orientation).

Question 52

Zonula adherens

Answer 52

intermediate junctions. Occure below the Zonula occludens and make up the web and hold cells together. Forms the terminal web and anchoring point for microvilli.

Question 53

Two proteins in tight junctions

Answer 53

claudin and occludin

Question 54

Hemi desmosome

Answer 54

anchors the basal cytoplasm to the basal lamina of the basement membrane. Cadherins are replaced with integrins.

Question 55

Two proteins in desmosomes

Answer 55

Desmoglein and desmocollin that insert into plakoglobin and desmoplakin

Question 56

Proteins in gap junctions

Answer 56

six connexin proteins form a connexon.