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Histology > Lecture 4 - bone > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - bone Flashcards

1
Q

5 roles of bone

A

support body mass, facilitate movement, protection, site of hematopoiesis, calcium reservoir.

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2
Q

Similarities of bone and cartilage

A

hard tissues, contain living cells embedded in matrix, common mesenchymal progenitor cells.

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3
Q

Differences of bone and cartilage

A

bone heavily vascularized/ cartilage avascular; bone access to blood vessels via canaliculi; cartilage less calcified, uses long-range diffusion.

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4
Q

How is bone a dynamic tissue?

A

constant remodeling from mechanical stress

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5
Q

Piezoelectric potential

A

bone deposition and bone reabsorption

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6
Q

Bone matrix’s organic components

A

Type I collagen fibers, amorphous substance (GAGs, glycoproteins), and osteoid

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7
Q

glycoproteins in bone

A

osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein

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8
Q

Osteonectin and Osteopontin

A

anchors minerals to collagen & initiate mineralization and promote crystal formation

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9
Q

Osteocalcin & bone sialoprotein

A

calcium binding proteins

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10
Q

Bone matrix’s inorganic components

A

Mostly calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (holds water), bicarbonate, and fluoride.

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11
Q

2 methods to prepare bone sections

A

decalcification (only organic components left- flexible) and grinding (keeps inorganic components)

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12
Q

Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor

A

osteogenic cell. Committed by Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs) - osteogenin. Differentiate into osteoblasts. Can self renew.

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13
Q

Osteoblast

A

occur on the periphery. Secrete the osteoid which is the newly deposited material. Abundant RER and golgi. Secretion activated by GH (somatotropin), sex steroids.

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14
Q

Osteocyte

A

when osteoblasts secrete so mluch osteoid, they become encompassed by it (terminally differentiated). Reside in lacunae.

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15
Q

Osteoclasts

A

reabsorb calcium.. Formed by a fusion of monocytes. Multinucleated.

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16
Q

Osteoid

A

deposition of osteoblast cell layer and existing bone. Stains a lighter color on the edge since it is more concentrated in inorganic material.

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

canals connecting osteocytes (gap junctions)

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18
Q

2 modes of osteocytic osteolysis regulation

A

Parathryoid Hormone and Calcitonin

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19
Q

PTH

A

increases resportion. indirectly stimulates by binding to receptors on osteoblasts which will stimulate osteoclast activity

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20
Q

Calcitonin

A

descreases resportion

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21
Q

Where are Macrophages located and whats feature does it have?

A

Howship’s lacunae and a ruffled border to increase surface area.

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22
Q

2 modes of osteoclast function

A

focal decalcification by acidification (H reacts with calcium to free it) and by extracellular digestion by enzymes (digests collagen and other organic material).

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23
Q

3 parts of bone

A

periosteum, endosteum, and bone proper

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24
Q

periosteum

A

Pheripheral. Made of fibrous (outer fibrous layer and highly vascularized) and osteogenic (osteoblasts and osteogenic cells) components

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25
Endosteum
Thin single layer (progenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts), line bones internal surfaces (trabeculae, H canals), and important for nutrition and maintenance
26
Bone proper
mineralized components of bone
27
Attachment of peiosteum to bone
collagen fibers bundles called Sharpey's fibers
28
Where is the point of origin for Volkmann's canals
periosteum
29
Uncommitted mesenchymal precursor if vascular or avascular
Vascular - osteoprogenitor | Avascular - chondroprogenitor
30
2 structures of bone proper
woven and lamellar
31
Woven bone
primary or immature bone. random disposition of collagen fibrils, amorphous calcium phosphate. seen in development and repair
32
Lamellar bone
secondary or mature bone. Organized disposition of collagen fibers - cancellous or compact
33
Cancellous bone
spongy bone. Network of irregular lamellae (trabeculae) with bone marrow in between
34
Compact bone
cortical bone. Forms diaphysis of long bones and thin layer around epiphyses and skull. Highly organized
35
5 locations where no cancellous bone
flat bones, alveolar bone around teeth, short bones, epiphyses & diaphysis of long bones
36
Anastomose
fusion of trabeculae trapping blood and lymph vessels. Will cause spongy bone to go to compact bone.
37
Haversian system
cylindrical columns of 4-15 concentric lamellae surrounding a canal with blood & lymph vessels and nerves
38
Osteon
Haversian system
39
Volkmann's canals
allow blood vessels to go from the outside of the cell to the interior of the bone.
40
Osteoblast and calcification
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and calcium binding factors which facilitate the precipitation of calcium phosphate.
41
Factors secreted by osteoblasts
``` alkaline phopshatase (promotes accumulation of inorganic phosphate in the osteiod); osteonectin and osteocalcin (high affinity calcium binding proteins) ```
42
Why is bone remodeling important?
deposition allows for high vascularity; Resorption allows for formations of canals or morrow cavities; shapes bones; response to mechanical stress; maintain calcium homeostasis.
43
Osteoporosis
Resorption > deposition
44
Osteopetrosis
Deposition > resorption
45
Vit C deficiency
affects production of collagen
46
Vit D deficiency
decreases uptake of calcium from GI tract.
47
Vit A deficiency
slow bone growth, can cause premature epiphyseal closure
48
Vit A excess
slow cartilage growth and accelerated ossification
49
Growth hormone deficiency and excess
deficiency - dwarfism | excess - gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)
50
Sex steroids
influence time of appearance of ossification centers during development
51
Hyperparathyroidism
excess PTH thus bone mass loss, fragile bones, increase in circulating calcium (goes to kidney)
52
2 types of ossification
intramembranous and endochondral
53
intramembranous ossification
differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts then osteocytes. occurs in vascularized areas.
54
endochondral ossification
replacement of cartilage with osteoblasts and osteocytes (seen at articular surfaces).
55
Sequence of events in intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal condensation, appearance of blood vessels, differentiation into osteoblasts, mineralization by osteocytes, spicules/trabeculae formed, interweaving of trabeculae.
56
Way spongy bone is converted to compact bone in a Haversian canal
Intramembranous.
57
Type of cartilage that is a template for endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage
58
Steps of endochondral ossification to form primary ossification center (diaphyseal)
mesenchymal condensation, differentiation into chondroblasts, small hyaline cartilage, capillaries penetrate perichondrium and creates periosteum, formation of subperiosteal bone collar (intramembranous), cartilage degenerates, blood vessels enter,s, then endochondral ossification.
59
Ossification important for width of bone
intramembranous
60
Ossification important for length of bone
endochonral
61
Steps of endochondral ossification after secondary ossification center (epiphyseal)
diaphysis - bone collar grows toward ephiphyses, spongy bone formed in center, marrow cavity enlarges; epiphysis - growth at growth plate (5 distinct zones); spongy bone replaces woven; second secondary ossification starts at epiphysis.
62
Adult bone
epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present, compact bone @ diaphysis, spongy @ epiphysis, yellow (adipose) marrow, periosteum surrounds shaft, articular cartilage with no peichondrium
63
5 zones of bone growth
resting zone, proliferating zone, maturing (hypertrophic) zone, calcifying zone, and ossifying zone
64
Proliferating zone
mitotic zone. Osteoblasts are proliferating in response to growth hormone (lengthening of bone)
65
Mature/hypertrophic zone
when the cells rupture, calcium migrates into the trailing edge and then start to deposit spongy bone.
66
Bone repair
oxygen supply interrupted, fibroblasts/macrophages, chondrogenic pathway to form cartilage bridge, blood vessels reappear, which leads to ossification
67
Synarthrose joint
joint with little or no movement
68
syndesmosis joint
joined by dense CT (cranial in young)
69
synostose
immobilized, fused bones (old skull bones)
70
synchondrose
joined by hyaline cartilage (rib/sternum)
71
symphysis
joined by fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, discs)
72
Diarthrose joint
synovial/articular joint
73
2 cells found in synovial membrane
A cell - phagocytic | B cell - secrete synovial fluid
74
Tendon
muscle to bond TMB
75
Ligament
bone to bone LBB

Histology (20 decks)

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