Lecture 2 - Locomotion Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
movement in which an animal changes its place and position in search of food, partners, protection, and suitable environment in response to stimulus
A
locomotion
2
Q
only life forms that have muscles
A
animals
3
Q
what are the locomotory organelles of unicellular orgainsms
A
- cilia
- flagella
- pseudopodia
4
Q
specialized contractile tissues that are unique to the animal kingdom
A
muscles
5
Q
Properties of muscle fibers
A
- excitability
- contractility
- extensibility
- elasticity
6
Q
proteins that participate in the function of muscles
A
- actin
- myosin
7
Q
What are the locomotory organelles in protozoans
A
- pseudopodia
- cilia
- flagella
- pellicular contractile structures
8
Q
- structures observed on certain unicellular organisms and some animal cells that function as a way of locomotion and a way to capture and engulf food
- extrusion of cytoplasm
- not permanent
A
pseudopodia
9
Q
where are pseudopodia observed
A
in “naked protozoans”
10
Q
protozoans that do not have a definite pellicle
A
naked protozoans
11
Q
- The outer surface layer of some protozoa
- sufficiently rigid to maintain a distinctive shape, as in the trypanosomes and Giardia
A
pellicle
12
Q
Two areas of the cytoplasm of protozoans
A
- Ectoplasm
- Endoplasm
13
Q
pseudopodia are mainly formed by what area of cytoplasm
A
ectoplasm
14
Q
Different types of Pseudopodia
A
- Lobopodia
- Reticulopodia
- Filopodia
- Axopodia
15
Q
- broad, lobe-like, sometimes branched, with rounded tips
- consists of both ectoplasm and endoplasm
- can project in different directions
- exhibited by amoeba
- movement is by pressure flow mechanism
A
lobopodia
16
Q
protozoan representative of lobopodia
A
amoeba
17
Q
movement mechanism of lobopodia
A
pressure flow mechanism
18
Q
shape of lobopodia
A
- broad, lobe-like
- sometimes branched
- rounded tips
19
Q
composition of lobopodia
A
- ectoplasm
- endoplasm
20
Q
- thread-like hyaline projections
- pointed tips
- radiate from the body in all directions
- unlike lobopodia, it is composed only of ectoplasm
- filamentous in nature
- taper from base to tip
A
filopodia
21
Q
shape of filopodia
A
- thread-like hyaline projections
- pointed tips
22
Q
composition of filopodia
A
ectoplasm only
23
Q
protozoan representative of filopodia
A
Euglypha
24
Q
- complex networks of anastomose branching
- filamentous
- exhibit a two way flow of their cytoplasm
A
reticulopodia
25
shape of reticulopodia
- anastomose branching
- filaments are branched and interconnected
26
purpose of anastomose branching of reticulopodia
useful in food capture
27
flow of cytoplasm in reticulopodia
two way flow
28
protozoan representative of reticulopodia
Globigerina
29
- spine-like radiating the surface of rounded body
- composed of outer cytoplasm
axopodia
30
what does the outer cytoplasm in axopodia cover
axial rods
31
protozoan representative of axopodia
Actinophrys
32
fine, delicate, and thread-like/ hair-like extension of the protoplasm that allow cells to move
flagella
33
composition of flagella
axoneme
34
what surrounds the axoneme
protoplasmic sheath
35
axoneme consists of what?
two longitudinal fibrils
36
protoplasmic sheath contains of what?
nine duplets of longitudinal fibrils
37
microtubule arrangement of flagella
9+2 arrangement
38
where do the microtubules in flagella lie
very dense cytoplasm
39
flagellar appendages or flagellar hairs (flimmer) that are only found on the flagella of protists
Mastigonemes
40
Different types of flagella based on their mastigonemes
1. Stichonematic
2. Pantonematic
3. Acronematic
4. Pantacronematic
5. Anematic
41
mastigonemes are present on one side of the flagellum
stichonematic
42
Example of protozoa that is stichonematic
- Euglena
- Astasia
43
Two or more rows of mastigonemes are present on both sides of the flagellum.
pantonematic
44
Example of protozoa that is pantonematic
- Peranema
- Monas
45
The mastigonemes are absent and the distal ends of the flagellum end as a terminal, naked, axial filament
acronematic
46
Example of protozoa that is acronematic
Chlamydomonas
47
The mastigonemes are present on 2 rows on the lateral sides of the flagellum but the flagellum ends in a terminal, naked, axial filamen
pantachronematic
48
Example of protozoa that is pantachronematic
Urceolus
49
The flagellum is simple without mastigonemes and/or terminal naked filament are absent.
Anematic
50
Example of protozoa that is anematic
Cryptomonas
51
mostly, where does the flagella originate
anterior end
52
species that have its flagella originate on the posterior end
Trypanosoma
53
- reatively much shorter when compared to the size of the body
- more in number and cover the entire body
- move in different way from those of the flagella
cilia
54
cytoplasm composition of cilia
ectoplasm
55
where do cilia arise from
blepharoplast or basal body
56
where is the basal body located
deep inside the cytoplasm
57
Different ciliary arrangements
1. undulating membranes
2. membranelles
3. cirri
58
- thin, transparent sheet like flaps
- usually found in the buccal cavity (mouth part)
- made up of one or more longitudinal rows of cilia
undulating membranes
59
undulating membranes are made up of what type of rows
longitudal rows of cilia
60
motion of undulating membranes
scoop for food
61
- paddle-like stucture
- arranged in spiral rows in the peristomial area
- fusion of two or more transverse rows of cilia
- edges remain free
- make powerful sweeping action
membranelles
62
the region around the mouth in various invertebrates
peristomial area
63
membranelles are made up of what type of rows
transverse rows
64
action of membranelles
powerful sweeping action
65
- fusion of two or three rows of cilia
- found on ventral surface
- move in all direction
- help in crawling or swimming movement
- tactile organs
cirri
66
where is the cirri found
ventral surface
67
motion of cirri
crawling or swimming
68
other function of cirri
tactile or sensory
69
- contractile structure found in some eukaryotic single-celled organisms
- consist of series of protein filaments that shorten rapidly upon exposure to calcium
- form grooves or ridges across the body of the protist
pellicular contractile structures
- myoneme or
- spasmoneme
70
Several modes of motion observed in myonemes
1. ameboid movement
2. flagellar
3. cilia
4. metabolic movement
5. hydrostatic movement
71
- induced by converting the viscosity or rigidity of the protoplasm within the cell in certain unicellular organisms' movement is
- This is of importance in understanding how the amoeba moves.
sol-gel theory
72
Common example of protozoans that have ameboid movement
Sarcodina
73
what year was the sol gel theory proposed
1917
74
where is the protoplasm pushed toward during ameboid movement
advancing end
75
where does the pseudopodia formation depends upon
contraction of plasmagel
76
- specialized outer gel-like cytoplasm of living cell that move by extruding part of the cell (known as a pseudopodium) in the direction of motion
- forms the outer layer of the cytoplasm is thick, less in quantity, non-granular, transparent and contractile
plasmagel
77
- inner layer of the cytoplasm is more in quantity, less viscous, fluid like, more granular and opaque
- central elongated fluid portion of the amoeba
plasmasol
78
clear region next to the cell surface membrane which is enlarged at the tip of the pseudopod
hyaline cap
79
these are bulb like extension which is present in the posterior part of the amoeba
uroid
80
- zone near the hyaline cap
- where sol transforms into gel
zone of gelation
81
- zone near the uroid
- where gel transforms into sol
zone of solation
82
state of proteins in the plasmosol
folded state
83
state of proteins in the plasmagel
unfolded state
84
Elastic strength of plasmagel from highest to lowest
1. Sides
2. Trailing end
3. Advancing end
85
attached to the substratum when the amoeba is moving
plasmalemma
86
causes the swimming motion of the amoeba
- flagella
- cilia
87
- highly vibratile structure
- form lashing movement
- some rowing action, some undulating action
flagella
88
Several theories of the flagellar movement
1. Paddle stroke movement
2. Undulating Motion
3. Simple conical gyration
89
common movement of a flagellum is sideways lash, consisting of an effective down stroke and a relaxed recovery stroke
paddle stroke
90
Different strokes in the paddle stroke movement or sidewash lash movement
1. Effective stroke
2. Recovery stroke
91
- flagellum becomes rigid and starts bending against the water
- This beating in water at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body causes the organism to move forward
Effective stroke
92
what happens in the flagella during effective stroke
- rigid, bending against water
- beating at right angles to longitudinal axis
- cause organism to move forward
93
- flagellum becomes comparatively soft and will be less resistant to the water
- helps the flagellum move backwards and then to the original position.
Recovery stroke
94
what happens in the flagella during recovery stroke
- becomes soft, less resistsant to water
- cause organism to move backwards
95
wave-like movement in flagellum, proceed from tip to base and from base to tip
undulating motion
96
Undulation from the base to the tip
pushing force, pushes organism backwards
97
Undulation from the tip to the base
pulling force, pull organism forward
98
- this kind of movement the flagellum turns like a screw.
- propelling action pulls the organism forward through the water with a spiral rotation around the axis of movement and gyration on its own.
simple conical gyration
99
author of the screw theory of flagella
Butschli
100
two forces created in the screw theory movement
1. parallel to main axis, drive animal to move forward
2. right angle to main axis, rotate animal on its own axis
101
Just like the flagellum, it also shows back and forth movements during the locomotion
ciliary movement
102
two types of stroke in ciliary movement
1. effective stroke
2. recovery stroke
103
cilium bends and beats agains water bringing the body forward and sending the water backwards
effective stroke
104
cilium comes back to original position by backward movement without any resistance
recovery stroke
105
Two types of coordinated rhythms in ciliary movement
1. Synchronous rhythm
2. Metachronous rhythm
106
cilia beats simultaneously in a transverse row
synchronous rhythm
107
- cilia beat one after another in a longitudinal row
- wave pass from anterior to posterior end
metachronous rhythm
108
coordinates the ciliary movement
motorium
109
where is the motorium present
near the cytopharynx
110
fastest locomotion in protozoans
ciliary movement
111
example of protozoa that has ciliary movement
Paramecium
112
- gliding movement by the myonemes
- typical of certain flagellates and sporozoans at certain life cycle stages
- show gliding or wriggling of peristaltic movement
- also known as gregarine movement
metabolic movement
113
other term for metabolic movement
gregarine movement
114
contractile fibrils which are similar to the myofibrils
Myonemes
115
who has metabolic movement or gliding movement
- flagellates
- Sporozoans
- Cnidospora
- some ciliates
116
movements seen in metabolic movement
- gliding
- wriggling
- peristaltic movement
117
transmiter of the metabolic movement
calcium
118
contraction of myofibrils are anchored in hydrostatic skeleton
hydrostatic movement
119
- skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom
- can be used by the organism to modify its shape
hydrostatic skeleton
120
fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs
coelom
121
where did the tissue layer lining the coelom come from
mesoderm
122
fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel
hemolymph
123
where is the hemolymph found
hemocoel
124
what type of fluid is the hemolymph
Incompressible fluid
125
fluids with constant density
Incompressible fluid
126
example of phyla that have hydrostatic skeleton
- Cnidaria
- Annelida
- Echinoderms
127
stiff structure resembling a hair or a bristle, especially in an invertebrate
seta
128
movement of the hydrostatic movement
peristaltic movement
129
what closes in the Annelids that causes it to move
sphincter
130
muscles in animals with hydrostatic movement
- circular muscles
- longitudinal muscles
131
relationship between circular and longitudinal muscles
antagonistic muscles
132
what happens in an antagonistic muscle pair
as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens
133
muscle that is contracting
agonist
134
muscle that is relaxing or lengthening
antagonist
135
what happens to the setae when there is pressure
projected
136
what is the function of the setae once projected
foothold
