Lecture 2 - Nutrition

Question 1

interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, and health

Answer 1

nutrition

Question 2

• known as producers
• able to make their own food from raw materials and energy

Answer 2

Autotrophs

Question 3

Examples of autotrophs

Answer 3

• plants
• algae
• some types of bacteria

Question 4

• known as consumers
• consume producers or other consumers.

Answer 4

heterotrophs

Question 5

Example of heterotrophs

Answer 5

• animals
• fungi
• most bacteria

Question 6

acquisition of ingestion of food

Answer 6

feeding

Question 7

process of breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones

Answer 7

digestion

Question 8

Different types of heterotrophic nutrition

Answer 8

1. Saprotrophic nutrition
2. Parasitic nutrition
3. Holozoic nutrition

Question 9

feeds on dead plants, dead and decaying animal bodies

Answer 9

saprotrophic nutrition

Question 10

example of saprotrophs

Answer 10

• yeast
• mushroom

Question 11

feeds on the nutrients of another living organism

Answer 11

parasitic nutrition

Question 12

example of parasites

Answer 12

• tapeworm
• lice

Question 13

condition in which an individual host receives more parasitoids of the same species than can develop to maturity, regardless of whether the parasitoids (eggs or larvae) were distributed by a single female or by several females.

Answer 13

superparasitism

Question 14

organism that has young that develop on or within another organism (the host), eventually killing it

Answer 14

parasitoid

Question 15

consumes a variety of organic material, which then undergoes a series of metabolic processes such as digestion, absorption, and assimilation

Answer 15

holozoic nutrition

Question 16

example of holozoic organisms

Answer 16

• human beings
• amoeba

Question 17

Three major categories feeding type on the basis of size and type of food utilized of invertebrates

Answer 17

1. Microphagy
2. Macrophagy
3. Fluid or Soft Tissue Feeding

Question 18

what is the basis of feeding in invertebrates

Answer 18

size and type of food

Question 19

Feeding on items that are very much smaller than the organism consuming them

Answer 19

microphagy

Question 20

what do microphagous organisms use to capture food

Answer 20

• cilia
• setae

Question 20

Different types of ciliary feeders

Answer 20

1. suspension feeders
2. filter feeders

Question 21

• organisms that capture food particles suspended in the water column
• don’t have the filtering mechanism
• passive

Answer 21

suspension feeders

Question 22

example of suspension feeders

Answer 22

• barnacles
• anemones

Question 23

what do barnacles use to capture food

Answer 23

cirri

Question 24

- slender tendril or hairlike filament - long, thin structure in an animal similar to a tentacle but generally lacking the tentacle's strength, flexibility, thickness, and sensitivity.

Answer 24

cirri

Question 25

what do anemones use to capture food

Answer 25

tentacles

Question 26

- organisms with specialized filtration apparatus to strain food particles from the water - actively pump water through their filters - active strategy

Answer 26

filter feeders

Question 27

example of filter feeders

Answer 27

- baleen whales - clam shells - sponges

Question 28

what do baleen whales use to capture food

Answer 28

baleen plates

Question 29

what do clam shells use to capture food

Answer 29

gills

Question 30

what do sponges use to capture food

Answer 30

choanocytes

Question 31

what are the food acquired in microphagy

Answer 31

- organic matter - plankton - detritus

Question 32

- feed on large masses of food - active predators

Answer 32

macrophagy

Question 33

example of macrophagous animals

Answer 33

- octopus - mollusks

Question 34

- consume liquid food or nutrients directly from their source - typically have specialized mouthparts or adaptations that allow them to pierce or suck fluids from plants, animals, or other sources

Answer 34

fluid or soft tissue feeding

Question 35

Different mouthparts of fluid or soft tissue feeders

Answer 35

1. proboscises 2. stylets 3. piercing-sucking mouthparts

Question 36

elongated sucking mouthpart that is typically tubular and flexible

Answer 36

proboscises

Question 37

small style, especially a piercing mouthpart of an insect

Answer 37

stylets

Question 38

pierce food items to enable sucking of internal fluids

Answer 38

piercing-sucking mouthparts

Question 39

example of animals that have proboscises

Answer 39

butterfly

Question 40

example of animals that have stylets

Answer 40

- aphids - leafhoppers

Question 41

example of animals that have piercing-sucking mouthparts

Answer 41

mosquitoes

Question 42

animals that feed on blood

Answer 42

hematophagous

Question 43

inject digestive enzymes into the prey to liquify internal tissues of the prey

Answer 43

spiders

Question 44

breaking of large and complex molecules of the food, after which, they become absorbable and available for use in the ody

Answer 44

digestion

Question 45

Different types of digestion

Answer 45

1. mechanical digestion 2. chemical digestion

Question 46

- purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food - it makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility

Answer 46

Mechanical digestion

Question 47

- process where complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken down into smaller pieces that your body can use - requires special proteins called enzymes

Answer 47

Chemical digestion

Question 48

Different types of digestion based on where it happens

Answer 48

1. Intracellular digestion 2. Extracellular digestion

Question 49

refers to nutrient processing and absorption that occurs inside of cells within special structures known as lysosomes

Answer 49

Intracellular digestion

Question 50

in intracellular digestion, what captures the food

Answer 50

vacuole

Question 51

example of organisms that have intracellular digestion

Answer 51

- protozoans - poriferans

Question 52

represents the process of food digestion and nutrient absorption that occurs outside of the cell.

Answer 52

extracellular digestion

Question 53

Phases of Digestion

Answer 53

1. cephalic phase 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase 4. hormones of the digestive system

Question 54

- occurs before food enters the stomach, especially while it is being eaten - gastric secretion is initiated by the sight, smell, thought or taste of food. - Neurological signals originate from the cerebral cortex and in the appetite centers of the amygdala and hypothalamus. - enhanced secretory activity is a conditioned reflex. - This phase of secretion normally accounts for about 20 percent of the gastric secretion associated with eating a meal

Answer 54

cephalic phase

Question 55

second phase of digestion that follows mastication (chewing) and takes place in the stomach

Answer 55

gastric phase

Question 56

Three chemicals that stimulate gastric secretion

Answer 56

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) 2. Histamine 3. Gastrin

Question 57

occurs in the duodenum as a response to the arriving chyme, and it moderates gastric activity via hormones and nervous reflexes

Answer 57

intestinal phase

Question 58

thick, semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum.

Answer 58

chyme

Question 59

Five major hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system

Answer 59

1. gastrin (stomach) 2. secretin (small intestine) 3. cholecytokinin (small intestine) 4. gastric inhibitory peptide (small intestine) 5. motilin (small intestine)

Question 60

- tiny finger-like projections found on the surface of certain cells - increase the surface area of the cell's apical surface, resulting in more effective absorption or secretion of substances

Answer 60

Microvilli